Academic Redshirting by Judy Mollard Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Academic Redshirting by Judy Mollard - Article Example In addition, another key strength of the article is that it has probably identified the key issues that are emerging or have emerged from each trend. In my opinion, one key weakness of the article is its failure to include the most recent studies on the subjects discussed. In redshirting, for example, some of the articles that can be included are those written in 2007, 2008, and 2009. It is possible that there were also studies conducted in 2010 and 2011. Unfortunately, Molland’s article covered only an article done on academic redshirting in 2002. A second key weakness of the article is its use of anecdotal evidence instead of scholarly studies for assertions. Finally, another key weakness of the article is that it did not summarize the overall implications of the key trends on education in the United States. Yet, at the same time, it is possible that it was never really the article’s intention to identify the overall implications of the key trends in US education. The possible applications of the article are numerous. First, on the phenomenon of redshirting, it presents one important challenge that teachers are facing: teaching classes where the age gap among pupils in a class can be as high as 16 months and where some of the children can be bored with the instructions. The trend for student-led conferences to explain their own learning is also another area for possible application. Student-led conferences were presented by the article as a possible method for identifying one’s strengths and weaknesses in the delivery of instructions. Of course, studies may be needed to find out how useful or reliable the student-led conferences are but nevertheless student-led conferences can remain an option for teachers until proven ineffective or unreliable. The trend of bringing middle schools into K-8 schools presents an option for educators to follow. The article pointed out that K-8 schools tend to have more parent involvement and fewer discipline problems

Graduate Essay Example for Free

Graduate Essay High expectations College admissions are tough—approximately 50 percent of all college applicants are rejected by their school of choice. And when it comes to graduate school, things are even tougher, and expectations are higher. The ability to create a piece of writing that properly illustrates your individuality and distinguishing characteristics are vital for admission. Admissions officers look at thousands of essays, so differentiating yourself is vital. However, distinguishing yourself from everyone else can be a tough challenge. Thats why were here to help. Survival of the fittest You will find yourself pitted against thousands of other students, many with similar backgrounds and similar academic ratings. What you need is an unforgettable first impression—one that will get you instant approval in the eyes of admissions officers. The key to that first impression is your admission essay, which is your primary chance for a good first impression. It is your first chance at presenting a well-thought-out exposition of your worth, your virtues, and your individuality. Fresh ideas Any professional writer will agree that editing by persons other than the writer himself is a very important step in the writing process. Even the most seasoned writer can always benefit from the â€Å"fresh† eyes of a third party, whether editing or critique is needed. Thats where we come in. Our team of professionals will edit and reinvent your essay to give it that fresh edge. An essay that looks like everybody elses will take no time to reach the reject pile. But with the extensive experience of our writers and editors, we are quick to recognize the ordinary from the excellent, vastly improving your chances of getting accepted. Our service You can take advantage of our pool of experienced professionals to leverage yourself above the majority of applicants. We eliminate any grammatical errors and unneeded wordiness, and we streamline sentence structure and improve style. We offer three types of services according to your needs. First is our Admission Essay Writing service, where personal facts are presented to the best advantage. While good grades and flawless records are also important, they are not enough to distinguish you. What really differentiates an admissions essay is the personality and character that the essay shows about you. Second is our Admission Essay Editing service, where we eliminate all spelling, grammar and style errors. Most importantly, emphasizing your individuality by affecting a unique style and preserving your voice. Our third service is the Admission Essay Review, which entails elimination of errors and professional editor’s suggestions for improving your essay, again with special emphasis on stressing your individuality. All services are delivered as double-spaced, 12 point Times New Roman documents, with no page limits.

The Openings Of The Time Machi :: essays research papers

The openings of the Time Machine and Lord of the Flies seem like a description of paradise. In what ways does this turn out to be deceptive? The Time Machine is about the possibility of time travelling. In the story, one man succeeds in building a fully working time machine, and he uses it to travel into the future. The story was written during the Victorian times (1895), by H.G. Wells.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lord of the Flies involves a group of boys who crash land on an island, in the middle of nowhere. It begins as paradise, but as the story goes on it turns out differently to what they expected. William Golding wrote the story, during the Cold War era. It was written after the Second World War. The times, in which wells and Golding lived in, reflected on what was written in each of their stories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wells lived in a time of peace and stability, as there hadn't been a major war for 30 years, which was in 1865. This had an impact on what Wells wrote about in his story. There was an influence on who and what the characters were in the story, and how they lived and did things. The Morlocks are very similar to the miners of the Victorian times. The Morlocks lived underground and in the dark. The miners didn't live underground, but they did spend most of their time working there. I would have thought that the Morlocks would be like slaves to the Eloi, because that's what the miners were like to the upper class people. However, this wasn't so, the Morlocks were in complete control of the Eloi, who were just food for them. The Morlocks were the more intellectual out of the two species, and had power over the Eloi. The Morlocks worked underground and were clever enough to work the complicated machinery. The Morlocks were a lot stronger than the Eloi, which gave them m ore authority over the Eloi. Wells wrote the Time Machine in a similar time to what we are living in at the moment. We are both very near to the turn of a new century, which involves new beginnings and new achievements in life. Wells wrote his story just before the turn of the 20th Century, in 1895. And we are about to go into the 21st Century. In 1985 they weren't even thinking about the things which we have achieved today.

Xiaojiji

Today Im goanna talk about the difference between college applications in America and that in China. First of all, the requirement. In America we need a lot of things to apply to colleges, such as GAP SAT Recommendations essays and all sorts of things that can reflect you as a person. In china all we need is to take one entrance exam, called okay, which takes place once a year. It includes four subjects, math, Chinese, English, science.Each college has a particular score you have to get on that test in order to get in. K Advantages. In china, the system Is fair because everyone will be taking the same test. No matter who you are, you score will be based only on how well you did on that test. And whether you can get in colleges or not Is based solely on that score you get. So everyone has the same chance. In America, students are valued based on overall qualities, so whether we can get In college or not Is based on our abilities as a person rather than as a student.Also since we stude nts are valued on so many things, we eave more opportunities to make our profiles look stronger, as opposed to that In china, where we only have one chance for that test. K now lets talk about disadvantages. In china, to prepare for the entrance test Is very time-consuming. It usually takes three years to prepare for that test. Also the fact that It takes place only once a year makes It harder and more overwhelming. The disadvantage In America Is Its nontransparent, for there Is really no uniform standard of acceptance.We do not really how the decisions are made by admissions There are different causes behind each system. In china, the population Is large, so colleges do not have the split to get to know each of the students Like the way American colleges do. Also since almost all colleges are public colleges In china, we need to a uniform standard to everyone. In America, people come from diverse cultures, so It Is necessary to get to know each student. Also since most colleges are private-owned In America, the admissions have the absolute right to make decisions. K Advantages. N china, the system is fair because everyone will be taking the same test. And whether you can get in colleges or not is based solely on that score you get. Qualities, so whether we can get in college or not is based on our abilities as a person have more opportunities to make our profiles look stronger, as opposed to that in K now lets talk about disadvantages. In china, to prepare for the entrance test is fact that it takes place only once a year makes it harder and more overwhelming.The disadvantage in America is its nontransparent, for there is really no uniform tankard of acceptance. We do not really how the decisions are made by admissions There are different causes behind each system. In china, the population is large, so colleges do not have the spirit to get to know each of the students like the way American colleges do. Also since almost all colleges are public colleges in ch ina, we cultures, so it is necessary to get to know each student. Also since most colleges are private-owned in America, the admissions have the absolute right to make decisions.

Child observation Essay

All the children at Gerber Preschool are between the ages of 3 and 4 years old and mainly consist of lower to lower middle class Hispanic and Caucasian families. Mya is a small statured 3 year old Hispanic Caucasian female, with light olive-toned skin, long brown hair, and large brown eyes. Toby is an average statured 4 year old Caucasian male, fair-skinned, blue-eyed, short brown hair. Toby and Mya both seem to be in good physical heath. Jesus is a slightly above average statured 4 year old Hispanic male, with dark brown skin, short spikey black hair and brown eyes. Spanish is Jesus primary language at home but is encouraged to speak English at school. Mya, Toby, and Jesus all appear to be right handed and in good physical heath. Description of Setting: The observation session began on Tuesday May 7, 2013, at approximately 10:00 AM in Gerber, California; the preschool has 2 adults and 8-10 kids. All the children were in line waiting to exit out the back door to the playground. The playground featured a large fenced off area with a large grassy area and the class flower bed covered by a large shade tree, large cement slab with tricycles and tetherball, play house, sand box, and large gym set. There is an assortment of activities available for the children to play including: kickball, bubble buckets, tetherball, hopscotch, jump rope, soccer, etc. Primary Observation: Start time 10:00 AM on Tuesday, May 7, 2013 10:00- Toby impatiently stands in line telling Jesus â€Å"I’m going to be the first one on the playground† Jesus yells â€Å"No I am! † two people behind them Mya and Jessica are holding hands laughing and whispering in each other’s ears. Everyone is squirming about unable to sit still waiting for the go ahead to head outside. 10:05- The children rush outside onto the grass and prepare for story time. Jesus screams â€Å"Rainbow Fish† once he sees the book in the teacher’s hands. Mya excitingly says â€Å"I want a rainbow fish† to Jesus, he in return says â€Å"I want one too. † All the children sit down so the teacher could begin the story. 10:10- During the story Toby was unable to see the book and yells to his teacher â€Å"Aren’t you going to face it to me. He continues to be disruptive getting up and interrupting the teacher. Toby is very energetic and begins to get restless playing with whatever is within his reach. He starts disturbing Jessica until the teacher asks him to sit back down and stop disturbing others Toby than sits back down and begins whining that he is unable to see the book again. 10:15- At the end of the story the teacher asks the children â€Å"Why did Rainbow Fish give away his scales? † Jesus immediately stood up and said â€Å"Because he was alone and wanted friends† Toby says â€Å"Now he has no more rainbow scales. † 10:20- The class is now on free time for the rest of the day. All the children immediately take off running for the playground; Toby and Jesus immediately go for the tricycles. While Mya went straight for the flower bed to dig with the shovel and buckets that were there. 10:25- Jesus, Toby, and another little boy raced back and forth across the pavement a couple times but quickly lost interest in the tricycles and more interested in what the other children were doing. 10:30- Toby ran over to where Mya was and Mya said â€Å"Let’s play house† the children discussed where they would live and what part they would act out. Toby excitedly screamed â€Å"Ok, I’m the daddy†, and Mya says â€Å"I’m the mommy†, and two other little boys Gauge and Angel are the sons. 10:35- Mya runs over to the play house and begins putting sand in a bucket and acts as if she is cooking while Toby makes the fire. Jesus walks over and picks up Mya’s bucket, she instantly got mad at Jesus and hit him. Jesus left crying and she said â€Å"He didn’t say please, so leave me alone. † She than stuck her tongue out at him, another girl by the name of Jessica told the teacher. The teacher told Mya that if she couldn’t talk nice and share she would have to choose another area to play. 10:40- After the incident Toby moves over to a bucket of bubbles with 3 wands, colored green, purple, and pink. Toby and Jesus blow bubbles together. No bubbles were coming out of Toby’s wand, so he blew with more force. Toby takes his wand to the teacher. He brought his wand back, dipped it in the bubble bucket and flung it out. 10:45- Mya gets the purple bubble wand and Toby goes over to Mya and tries to take it away from her. Mya begins to make sounds of being upset but soon gets over it when the other children begin popping the bubbles and she joins in squealing and laughing. 10:50- The teacher blows her whistle to signal to the children it’s time to clean up and go inside. Mya quickly grabs the bubble bucket yelling â€Å"I got the bubbles† while Jesus and Toby raced to the door to line up without picking up anything. 10:55- All the children walked back into the class room and were instructed to sit at a table. Toby got up from the table and a little boy named Gauge took his seat. He tried to get the attention of the teacher but she was busy with another child, so he pulled Gauge by the shirt and begin to cry saying â€Å"get out my chair† Gauge refused to move. Once the teacher finally got to them they had already started to tussle a little. Toby and Gauge were both placed in time out but first they had to apologize to one another. 11:00- End of observation. Analysis: Gender identity is the perception of oneself as male or female (pg. 252). All three children show gender identity when they discuss the roles of one another to play house, with Mya being the mother, Jesus the father, and Gauge and Angel as the sons. Mya also displays gender identity when she pretends to cook while playing house as well. On page 254 cooperative play is described as children playing with one another taking turns, playing games, etc. Mya, Toby, and Jesus demonstrate cooperative play as well as make-believe play throughout their game of house they coordinated ideas together as a group. Cooperative play is also apparent when the children play with the bubbles. The text on page 264 states that aggression is an intentional injury or harm to another person. Mya showed aggression by hitting Jesus when she became angry at him. Toby also displayed aggression when he grabbed Gauge in an attempt to get his chair back. In sum all of the children seem to be displaying appropriate social and emotional behavior and skills typical of their age.

Whoso list to hunt by Sir Thomas Wyatt Essay Example

Whoso list to hunt by Sir Thomas Wyatt Essay Example Whoso list to hunt by Sir Thomas Wyatt Paper Whoso list to hunt by Sir Thomas Wyatt Paper Essay Topic: Literature Whoso list to hunt by Sir Thomas Wyatt is an extended metaphor which is all about a deer hunt in which a hind is being chased by several riders. In this the riders represent young men and the hind represents a woman, probably Anne Boleyn. The title is repeated in the very first line of the sonnet, Whoso list to hunt, (whoever wants to pursuit) almost to make sure that you know exactly what the sonnet is going to be about. Its a statement/question which hooks the readers mind into wanting to know what the answer is going to be. In the very first line Wyatt introduces the reader to a metaphor used for the woman and those who want her, Whoso list to hunt, I know where is an hind. Here Wyatt is basically stating that whoever wants to hunt, I know where is an hind, (in western literature words such as hind metaphorically refer to beautiful women. ) This metaphor in the first line is the main metaphor which is extended throughout the sonnet. Also in the first line Wyatt uses alliteration, whoso hunt ind, by doing this Wyatt is already giving the reader the impression that the hunter/narrator is out of breath and tired. We then get proof of this when in line 3 the narrator is describing his efforts as hopeless and that he is exhausted, the vain travail hath wearied me so sore. This line is stating how he feels so sorry, for all his attempt were in vain to win her love and be united with her; now he is so wearied and sore. Also in this line he uses alliteration again, so, sore, this is making the reader sigh ag ain making it seem that the narrator is worn out. Between line 4 and 6 the narrator mentions how he is one of the hunters (them) trying to win the ladys love, although he is falling behind the other hunters, I am of them farthest cometh behind. Wyatt uses alliteration again, may means my mind. In line 7 of the sonnet he mentions how the dear runs ahead, he begins to lose hope in managing to get her, he uses alliteration again here, fainting follow, this is making it seem that the narrator is weary as to whether or not he will be able to catch her or whether he should give up now. In the second half of line 7 he states hes given up, I leave off therefore as, in line 8, his struggles are similar to that of catching wind in a net, since in a net I seek to hold the wind. This metaphor illustrates the themes in the sonnet, unattainable love and an unobtainable goal. This first part of the Italian Petrarch sonnet is called the octave and is where Wyatt has presented the problem, the rhyming pattern which goes with this first half of the sonnet is ABBAABBA. The effect of using a Petrarchan sonnet is that it creates a pause in thought where the changed rhymes underline the way the poet has stated the problem then added the solution to the problem. The sonnet is then carried on to present the solution, the sestet, with a rhyming scheme of CDDCEE. In line 9 alliteration is visible again, whoso her hunt, again giving the impression the narrator is out of breath. In lines 9 and 10 the narrator goes on to say how the one who is trying to hunt the deer will, more than likely, end up like him and leave the hunt/give up. Wyatt states that, graven with diamonds in letters plain, diamonds are hard, precious stones meaning that the person who has caught her is very wealthy and that other hunters have lost the hunt. This carries on to line 12 where it states that, written her fair neck round about, this means that its around her neck and is visible for everyone to see. Wyatt then goes onto using a quotation in Latin from the Bible, Noli me tangere, meaning dont touch me. This is a warning to others, saying how they must stay away from her. The next part of that line states, for Caesars I am, this suggests that the person who caught her is of great importance in this sonnet Caesar is more than likely Henry VIII, however the name Caesar is used to allow Wyatt to publish it as Henry VIII was in charge at that time. The following line states, And wild for to hold, though I seem tame, this suggests that the deer herself declares that while she appears tame, holding her is dangerous, as she is in fact wild. She is stating that catching her may be because you believe her to be tame, but in reality having her is impractical. This line employs a paradox wild for to hold, though I seem to tame. There is a contradiction between words wild and tame. This paradox illustrates the attitude of the lady toward her lovers and how she neglects them. It also provides answer to the problem raised in octave. Diamonds are symbols of asset, and wealth; it makes clear two things. First, the lady is kings property and no one is allowed to covet her; second, the king is rich and already paid the price for her. Although this poem is an Italian Petrarchan sonnet it is also a metaphorical sonnet/extended metaphor as he is telling his story, how men are trying to have a lady who doesnt pay attention to them because she belongs to the king. The meter of this sonnet is iambic pentameter. The word choice, imaginary language, grammatical disorder techniques, alliteration that makes the sonnet more musical, and metaphors that are used in this sonnet, make it more expressive and rich. The poet utilized first person point of view, using the pronouns I and me. It has three major themes power and weakness, or ruler and subjects; unreachable goal; unobtainable love. In power and weakness the theme is about how the king can do and have whatever he wants and the subjects should obey without any complain. The next theme, unreachable goal, points out how man struggle to get to something unreachable although he knows he cant. The third theme, unobtainable love, shows the speaker is in love with a lady which is in king possession. The tone of this work is hopelessness. I think that by reading this sonnet the reader sympathizes with Wyatt and his unsuccessful and unreachable love, he is expressing his true love towards Anne Boleyn yet still didnt manage to catch her.

Death And Dying In A Prayer For Owen Meany Essays - Free Essays

Death And Dying In A Prayer For Owen Meany Essays - Free Essays Death And Dying In A Prayer For Owen Meany The theme of death and dying in A Prayer for Owen Meany by John Irving is constant throughout the novel. Many events that prepare the characters for death occur through the death of Tabitha Wheelwright, through Owens faith and religion, also through Owens own death. In relation to the book and reality, there are events in life that people encounter that prepare themselves for death. In the novel, the event of Tabitha Wheelwrights death is the first and also one of the most important events. John and Owen experience death of a loved one at an early age when Owen accidentally kills Tabitha with a baseball. After this event John and Owen encounter many feelings that are associated with death. John felt anger towards his mother for leaving him so soon. John wanting to know many things about his mother could not be answered. This is evident in pages 34-35 where John wanted to know who his father was, but his mother had already left before she could even tell him. Owen felt the emotion of guilt. Though the death of Johns mother was an accident, Owen blames himself. GOD HAS TAKEN YOUR MOTHER. MY HANDS WERE THE INSTRUMENT. GOD HAS TAKEN MY HANDS. I AM GODS INSTRUMENT. - P. 87 In this quote, the only way for Owen to deal with the accident is by associating it with his faith. Johns and Owens feelings are natural when people lose a close one, but it helps them embrace deat h later down the road, and also their own. Owens unconditional faith helped John go on after his mothers death. Owens constant bible references made John feel comfortable about death than to fear it. I am the resurrection and the life, saith the Lord. He believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live, and whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die. P. 181 In this quote, Owen is reciting out from the bible to John to convince him of life after death. When you die, it is not the end, but the beginning of a new life with God. Into paradise may the angels lead you. P. 616 Owen telling John to reassure him that the angels will guide him into Heaven after death. Owens complete faith in God helped John understand death as not a tragedy but a transitional journey. In the second half of the novel, Owen realizes that he will die and that he is Gods instrument. Owen was placed on earth for a purpose, which he completes at the end. Owens death helped him deal with his own death, preparing him for the worst. LAST NITE I HAD A DREAM. NOW I KNOW FOUR THINGS. I KNOW THAT MY VOICE DOESNT CHANGE BUT I STILL DONT KNOW WHY. I KNOW THAT I AM GODS INSTRUMENT. I KNOW WHEN IM GOING TO DIE AND NOW A DREAM HAS SHOWN ME HOW IM GOING TO DIE. IM GOING TO BE A HERO! I TRUST THAT GOD WILL HELP ME, BECAUSE WHAT IM SUPPOSED TO DO LOOKS VERY HARD. P. 416 This is where Owen has his dream, which tells him that he will be a hero by saving the orphan children from the grenade, which leads to his death. Also another event where Owen interrupted the Angel of Death made him believe he was going to be used to kill Tabitha Wheelwright. In Owens opinion, he had INTERUPTED AN ANGEL, he had DISTURBED AN ANGEL AT WORK, he had UPSET THE SCHEME OF THINGS. P. 102 This quote helps Owen explain and also convince himself that he was used to kill Tabitha because God had made him his instrument. Tabitha died for a reason, and God made sure that it was by Owens hands because it brought John and Owen together. Owen Meanys death and him being an instrument of God, it helped John believe in God and that afterlife is true. Owen and John experienced death and dying through many deaths from the beginning to the end of the novel. Many events happened to John to lead him to believe in God, which ultimately helped him embrace

Terror Bird (Phorusrhacos) - Facts and Figures

Terror Bird (Phorusrhacos) - Facts and Figures Name: Terror Bird; also known as Phorusrhacos (Greek for rag bearer); pronounced FOE-roos-RAY-cuss Habitat: Plains of South America Historical Epoch: Middle Miocene (12 million years ago) Size and Weight: About eight feet tall and 300 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Large head and beak; claws on wings    About the Terror Bird (Phorusrhacos) Phorusracos isnt known as the Terror Bird only because thats much easier to pronounce; this flightless prehistoric bird must have been utterly terrifying to the small mammals of middle Miocene South America, in light of its enormous size (up to eight feet tall and 300 pounds), clawed wings, and heavy, crushing beak. Extrapolating from the behavior of a similar (but much smaller) relative, Kelenken, some paleontologists believe the Terror Bird grabbed its quivering lunch with its talons, then grasped it between its powerful jaws and bashed it repeatedly on the ground to cave in its skull. (Its also possible that the giant beak of Phorusrhacos was a sexually selected characteristic, males with bigger beaks being more attractive to females during mating season.) Ever since the discovery of its type fossil in 1887, Phorusrhacos has gone by a bewildering number of now-outmoded or reassigned names, including Darwinornis, Titanornis, Stereornis, and Liornis. As for the name that stuck, that was bestowed by a fossil hunter who assumed (from the size of the bones) that he was dealing with a megafauna mammal, and not a birdhence the lack of the tell-tale ornis (Greek for bird) at the end of the Terror Birds genus name (Greek for rag bearer, for reasons that remain mysterious). By the way, Phorusrhacos was closely related to another terror bird of the Americas, Titanis, a comparably sized predator that went extinct at the cusp of the Pleistocene epochto the extent that a minority of experts classify Titanis as a Phorusrhacos species.

Strateguc Management of Apple Inc Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strateguc Management of Apple Inc - Assignment Example The main internal factors that have impacted the functioning of Apple Inc, and the strategic management processes and decisions of the company are discussed as follows. Resources and capabilities of the company: The availability of resources and capabilities including financial resources, physical resources, human resources and other key competencies of the company are major internal deciding factors for the strategic management of Apple Inc. The company is rich in terms of both tangible and intangible resources which act as value adding factors for the technology giant. The cur competencies of Apple Inc. like product designing capabilities, high investments made in fostering radical innovations, breakthrough inventions, highly robust research and development systems act as the key strengths as well as the Critical Success Factors (CSF) of the company. Thus, the business focuses on leveraging on such competencies and resources to create a strategically advanced position for the corpo ration in the global technology industry. The company has also remained highly efficient in product design and development which forms the backbone for the operability of a technological company. Te high investments made in the research and development arenas of the organization also add to the success of the company. The company culture and the shared values within the organization are other important external factors that can negatively or positively impact the growth, success, sustainability and future direction of Apple Inc.

Globalization and human resource management practice 03191 Essay

Globalization and human resource management practice 03191 - Essay Example The increasing relevance of globalisation is influenced by numerous factors including talent shortage in developed countries, low cost labour accessibility and technological development. The aim of the study is to draw attention to the key issues relating to the global management of people, significance of human resources management in international organizations, globalisation leading to convergence in human resource management practice and the human resource impact relating to various changes (Paik, Chow and Vance, 2011). The objective is to conduct an in-depth study on globalisation and its impact on human resource management and then derive a conclusion to the study. In the developing countries, globalization has a giant impact on the human resource management (Rowley and Benson, 2002). It has led to unionisation and homogenization of the strategies of an organization. It led to the convergence in the structures and processes of an organization as well as in the consumer’s choice. In the increasing stage of globalization, the organizations felt the need to change and the new trends came into existence in the management of the human resources. Globalisation resulted in changing the organizational structure improving competence but the negative result is that the staff numbers had to be reduced (Edwards and Kuruvilla, 2005). The employees have been minimised in various sectors such as telecommunications so that the organizations can gain a competitive advantage. The human resource planning strategy is focussed on having limited workforce in the core areas which enabled the organization run profitably. The organizations outsourced for the no ncore jobs which led to increase in independent contractors in the service industry. Globalisation hence can be said to have an extraordinary impact on the developing countries

High school graduation speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

High school graduation speech - Essay Example The failure of the reconciliation attempts through compromises of 1820 and 1850 only emphasized the vulnerability of the situation. With the battle for economic supremacy between the north and the south not reaching any resolve, the war had to eventually break in 1860. The country had managed to achieve reconciliation in the Missouri statehood crisis, the Philadelphia Convention, and the tariff cries of 1828, 1832 and 1850. However, the failure to reach a compromise is 1860 was based on the difference of with the other situations. For instance, the concerns of the entire nation on the Revolutionary War, Congress funding and the nation’s bankruptcy caused the whole nation to compromise and pull together. However, the events leading to the Civil War were not going to lead to any meaningful compromise among the parties. According to Woodman (2009), compromise was unattainable in 1860 because the possible measures would mean the Union losing more in the compromise than the Confederate State of America and vice versa.For instance, the South felt that the abolishment of slavery would negatively impact on their booming cotton business. This move would significantly reduce their economic superiority.The North had received an influx of immigrants from Europe who could offer labor at reduced wages thus no need for slaves. The moral conflict between these regions was interpreted by the South as an attempt by the North to affect is plantation production. The reason why a compromise was reached in the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 was the common cry for liberty across the nation. The Missouri statehood crisis was resolved by ensuring that each party got what they wanted.The ‘one slave, one free’ rule ensured that a balance was maintained and the South and North were equally satisfied. However, the lack of commonalities between the North and South meant that none was willing to reach a compromise.Despite

Current Elections Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current Elections - Assignment Example Watching Romney’s speech (2012) focused on making him more appealing to the public and showing the softer side to him. Talks about his wife and how they had struggled to raise their children made him more â€Å"human†. At the Democrats’ convention, Barack Obama promised to reduce the national deficit and to reform the tax codes so that the wealthiest people would be the ones to pay the highest taxes. Obama also promised to end the Afghanistan war by 2014, and to reduce the cost of healthcare. However, in as much as Obama outlined energy, education, the national deficit, manufacturing, and national security as his goals if re-elected, he failed to specify how he would achieve such goals. Nevertheless, Obama made it clear that the process required a lot of sacrifices and that total reform was going to take â€Å"more than a few years† (President Barack Obama Full DNC Acceptance Speech, 2012). Between the two acceptance speeches, Obama’s carried more weight, as he made it about the people and not about himself. Obama was clearer about where he would invest money and made it clear that the middle class would not have to carry the burden of the national deficit. Although Romney sold himself as a family man and someone with more â€Å"experience†, judging by the content of their acceptance speeches, Obama would be the ideal candidate to lead America for the next four years. Furthermore, Obama’s acceptance speech has more likes than

Budget of a city Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Budget of a city - Research Paper Example Each department head articulates their own segment of the budget and presents it to the Village Manager and the Financial Director and consequently funds are allocated in accordance with the evaluations made. The estimations made are then finalized and presented to the Finance Committee and Village Board for review and direction which is then adopted by the Mayor and Board of Trustees (The Village of Niles 1-20). THESIS STATEMENT This paper intends to conduct a descriptive study of the budget prepared for the Village of Niles for the FY 2014.The paper would also provide a detailed study of the different priorities of the budget plan along with the sources of funding for the entity and their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, an explanation of the different segments where the money would be spent would also be provided in the paper. Different ways in which the local government could handle an economic recession would also be ascertained. DISCUSSION Explanation of the Priorities of the Budget Plan. It is considered that every budget plan is prepared with a prime motive. Fiscal budget is essentially prepared to support a number of imperative facets of a nation that require adequate assistances. With reference to the FY budget 2014 of Village of Niles, a few of the priorities that have been stated are listed hereunder: Community Development The community development department is essentially associated with issuing building permits, providing inspectional services within the village and keeping a track of the business and rental licensing within the village. Moreover, the department is also associated with property maintenance inspection within the village. It is worth mentioning that since 2013 the department has also undertaken the responsibility of the Fire Prevention Bureau and economic development marketing of the village. The major reason behind selecting the community development department as one of the priorities for the FY budget 2014 is to develop th e village zoning code in order to meet the growing need of the community, develop short term and long term goals with an aim to develop the economic condition of the village and also to market the village in the national level. The budget also aims to develop the information technology (IT) software associated with the licensing, maintenance and health division within the village for better efficiency that would facilitate to provide more quality services to the public. The budget allotted for the department also covers vital facets such as amended language for Chapter 46, Fire Prevention. It has not been addressed by the government. The budget also aims at inspecting 1300 business within the village (The Village of Niles 28-35). General Government Department The General Government Department is concerned with two primary objectives i.e. to provide high quality service to the villagers and to maximize the efficiency of village service delivery through the use of cost efficiencies. T he vital reason behind selecting the department as the other priority for the FY budget 2014 is to establish a coordinated relation amid the elected officials and the staff of the different departments within the village. The budget allotted for the department also aims to update the emergency operation center plan, the department also plans to collaborate with the Niles Park District Plan for conducting successful

Marketing Management and Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Management and Strategy - Assignment Example The paper starts by explaining the meaning of relationship marketing and the main part of the paper will discuss the relevance of this concept to today’s business. Relationship marketing is perhaps one of the most important concepts of marketing during the contemporary period. Basically, â€Å"customer relationship management (CRM) or relationship marketing is the overall process of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior customer value and satisfaction,† (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010, p. 27). On the other hand, (Gartner, 2007, p.4) defines CRM as a â€Å"business strategy with outcomes that optimize profitability, revenue and customer satisfaction by organizing around customer segments, fostering customer-satisfying behaviours and implementing customer-centric processes.† Essentially, many organizations have realised that customer loyalty is very important since it determines the success or failure of their operations. This has prompted the marketers of different firms to forge ahead with different strategies that are meant to create long lasting relationships with the customers. In every business, it can be observed that the quality of the relationship that exists between the company and its customers has a bearing on its performance. Lamb et al (2008) posits to the effect that relationship marketing is a philosophy that emphasises on creating long term relationships with the customers so that the company can sustain its operations in the long run. Customers are compelled to buy certain products that are offered by different firms as a result of the quality of service they get when doing business with them. During the contemporary period, it can be seen that stiff competition characterises different markets and this is the main reason why efforts should be made to retain the customers that already exist in the organization (Athanasopoulou N.D). One viable strategy that can be implemented by the organi zation is to try to create quality relationships around services offered to the customers so that they can be in a position to identify with the organization. When this identity has been created, the customers are likely to have a predisposition towards the products that are offered by the company. The customers in any business are the main component of the relationship mix which ought to be created around value of the products offered. According to Ferrazzi (2006), the quality of the relationship that exists between the organization and the customers is determined by the attitude of the targeted audiences by the firm towards the value of the products and services offered. This point is also supported by Wang et al (2004) who state that the customers specifically purchase different products so that they can derive various values from using them. There are different values that are derived from consuming a certain product and these include the following: â€Å"emotional value,† utility derived from the affective state of goods or services; â€Å"social value,† social utility obtained from using a product â€Å"functional value† utility derived from the perceived quality of a product as well as â€Å"perceived sacrifice† which is loss that is likely to be encountered from purchasing a particular product or service. In most cases, the

Budget of a city Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Budget of a city - Research Paper Example Each department head articulates their own segment of the budget and presents it to the Village Manager and the Financial Director and consequently funds are allocated in accordance with the evaluations made. The estimations made are then finalized and presented to the Finance Committee and Village Board for review and direction which is then adopted by the Mayor and Board of Trustees (The Village of Niles 1-20). THESIS STATEMENT This paper intends to conduct a descriptive study of the budget prepared for the Village of Niles for the FY 2014.The paper would also provide a detailed study of the different priorities of the budget plan along with the sources of funding for the entity and their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, an explanation of the different segments where the money would be spent would also be provided in the paper. Different ways in which the local government could handle an economic recession would also be ascertained. DISCUSSION Explanation of the Priorities of the Budget Plan. It is considered that every budget plan is prepared with a prime motive. Fiscal budget is essentially prepared to support a number of imperative facets of a nation that require adequate assistances. With reference to the FY budget 2014 of Village of Niles, a few of the priorities that have been stated are listed hereunder: Community Development The community development department is essentially associated with issuing building permits, providing inspectional services within the village and keeping a track of the business and rental licensing within the village. Moreover, the department is also associated with property maintenance inspection within the village. It is worth mentioning that since 2013 the department has also undertaken the responsibility of the Fire Prevention Bureau and economic development marketing of the village. The major reason behind selecting the community development department as one of the priorities for the FY budget 2014 is to develop th e village zoning code in order to meet the growing need of the community, develop short term and long term goals with an aim to develop the economic condition of the village and also to market the village in the national level. The budget also aims to develop the information technology (IT) software associated with the licensing, maintenance and health division within the village for better efficiency that would facilitate to provide more quality services to the public. The budget allotted for the department also covers vital facets such as amended language for Chapter 46, Fire Prevention. It has not been addressed by the government. The budget also aims at inspecting 1300 business within the village (The Village of Niles 28-35). General Government Department The General Government Department is concerned with two primary objectives i.e. to provide high quality service to the villagers and to maximize the efficiency of village service delivery through the use of cost efficiencies. T he vital reason behind selecting the department as the other priority for the FY budget 2014 is to establish a coordinated relation amid the elected officials and the staff of the different departments within the village. The budget allotted for the department also aims to update the emergency operation center plan, the department also plans to collaborate with the Niles Park District Plan for conducting successful

Bench Mark Assessment-Epidemiology Paper Assignment

Bench Mark Assessment-Epidemiology Paper - Assignment Example A sneeze is capable of releasing up to 40, 000 droplets of tuberculosis microorganisms, and a single droplet is enough to transmit the infection. People with frequent contact with individuals infected with the disease are at a higher risk of contracting the infection with an estimated infection rate of 22%. An untreated person with active TB can infect between 10 and 15 people in a year. The chances of transmission of TB from one person to another is dependent on factors like the amount of infectious droplets expelled by the infected individual during the sneezing episode, the duration of exposure to the droplets and the ineffectiveness of ventilation. TB infection in an individual can exist in the form of an active disease or the form of a latent infection. An individual with the latent form of the disease does not feel sick and presents with no signs and symptoms of the infection. Latent form of TB is only diagnosed through a tuberculin skin test or a TB blood test. People with the latent TB are not infectious despite possessing the mycobacterium. Individuals with the active form of TB presents with the signs and symptoms of the infection in addition to the positive tuberculin skin test and the TB blood test (Golden & Vikram, 2005). The most active form of TB is the pulmonary tuberculosis that presents in about 90% of the cases. Pulmonary TB affects the lungs and manifests with chest pain, prolonged coughing and sputum production. In extreme cases of the condition, an individual can cough small amounts of blood a manifestation of the erosion of the pulmonary artery. Extra pulmonary tuberculosis accounts for 15-20% of the active cases of the disease. These are conditions caused by Mycobacterium tuberculin but affect structures out of the lungs. Extra pulmonary tuberculosis is common among the immunosuppressed individuals

Energy Drinks Persuasive Essay Essay Example for Free

Energy Drinks Persuasive Essay Essay For various reasons I believe that energy drinks should have an age limit on them. Some people may disagree with me for they think that they are just a strong caffeine drink that will keep them awake during the day. However, I believe that energy drinks can cause very bad behavior. Also, they can cause not only bad behavior, but they can be a lead to a big risk to the consumer’s health and safety. Finally, the most important reason is that mixing these drinks with alcohol is a popular trend now. Doing this can make you feel less drunk, but you are still as drunk as a person who drank alcohol all by itself. Consequently, I will argue that energy drinks should have age limits on them. First, I think that energy drinks can cause very bad behavior. In fact, researchers say that high consumption of energy drinks is associated with â€Å"toxic jock† behavior, a constellation of risky and aggressive behaviors. For example, it appears the kids who are heavily into drinking energy drinks are more likely to be the ones who are inclined towards taking risk. Therefore, energy drinks can cause lots of trouble for the kids drinking them. Second, energy drinks can cause not only bad behavior but can lead to bad health and safety. Specifically, the drinks include plant- based stimulants, herbs, amino acids, sugar, vitamins, and the main ingredient, caffeine. In addition, the caffeine content in the energy drinks can range from 107 milligrams to 430 milligrams of caffeine in a 12-ounce can. So, energy drinks have ingredients that can hurt your health. Third, mixing energy drinks with alcohol has a popularity that is growing. In fact, researchers say that the addition of caffeine can make alcohol users feel less drunk, but motor coordination and visual reaction time are just as impaired as when they drink alcohol by itself. For example, a study states that students who mixed energy drinks with alcohol got drunk twice as often as those who consumed alcohol by itself and were far more likely to by injured or require medical treatment. As a result, I believe that there should be an age limit on energy drinks because they cause bad behavior, put your health in risk, and mixing energy drinks with alcohol has become a popular way to drink them too. By putting age limits on these drinks, there would be less drunk teens, teens hospitalized from drinking too much energy drinks, and less aggressive behavior. For these reasons, I conclude that energy drinks should have an age limit on them.

The Dominant Occupation Of The Pastoralism Sociology Essay

The Dominant Occupation Of The Pastoralism Sociology Essay Pastoralism is the dominant occupation in the Horn of Africa simply because the arid environment, with its scattered, inconsistent and often short and intense rainfall (when it occurs) permits no other consistent food harvest (Herr, 1992). The pastoralists largely obtain their food from their herds of cattle, sheep, goats and in the drier regions, camels. Some of these people cultivate agricultural crops where they can, most do not. Pastoralist societies in Kenya are in transition. This reality is confirmed by studies on the pastoralist communities particularly on the Maasai, Boran, and Rendille of Kenya (Evangelou, 1984; Fratkin, 2001). The same can be said of the Gabra, the Ariaal, the Sakuye, the Samburu, and the Turkana (Oba, 2001). The transition is due to population growth, loss of herding lands to farmers, ranchers, game parks, urban growth, increased commoditization of the livestock economy, out-migration by poor pastoralists, and dislocations brought about by drought, famine, and ethnic conflicts coupled with privatization and individuation of formerly communally held resources. The region of Northern Kenya (with an area of 250,000 km.) is arid and semi-arid. Rainfall is highly variable from year to year and drought is recurrent. Pastoralism is the dominant economic activity, given that agricultural potential is low. Farming is only possible in the few localities with high and medium agricultural potentials. Economic survival of the peoples of the region depends on management of many species of livestock: camels, cattle, donkeys, sheep and goats. Drought, disease and a certain measure of insecurity are all realities. Northern Kenya also borders highly unstable states, including Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia and Uganda, and the borders with these countries are porous, if they can be said to exist at all. The regional dimensions of conflict, and in particular the ease in which groups and arms cross borders has increased the incidences and severity of conflict in the region and led to a commercialization of cattle raiding and cattle rustling. The foregoing points to a near collapse of the traditional pastoral economy and fabrics of the social security systems thereby pointing to an uncertain future (Sobania, 1979; Kassam Bashuna, 2004). Life in these environments is uncertain, dangerous and tenuous forcing many young people to migrate to urban areas in search of alternative livelihoods. Given the harsh natural environment, pressure on natural resources, decline or collapse of , loss of livestock, lack of capital, and limited survival alternatives, encamped youths are for the most part destitute. Dislocated youths living in urban areas have to contend with rent, electricity, water and other bills, as well as buying food. This can be particularly challenging for those without a steady source of income. Many engage in petty trade, buying and selling vegetables, second-hand clothes and shoes (mitumba), food items, fuel (paraffin, charcoal, firewood), while others participate in itinerant hawking, boda boda (bicycle taxis), brick making, brick laying and selling water. A few work in factories, others have started small businesses such as brewing illicit liquors and tailoring. Some youths have been reduced to begging or crime in order to survive for lack of valid skills in the salaried sector. They find themselves isolated from family and friends in an environment charact erized by inadequate amenities (Livingstone, 1986; Cernea, 1990; Bovin et al., 1990). Pastoralist youths have suffered serious reverses in economic and social wellbeing such that they are unable to live up to established norms of supporting their households. This is because dislocation can devalue their shared survival skills whereby vital social networks and life support mechanisms for families are weakened or dismantled. Authority systems are debilitated or collapse (World Bank 1994, Cernea 1993b; 1994a). The proposed study will explore the causes and social consequences of the erosion of the pastoralist livelihood systems as exemplified in urban migration, urban crime, joblessness, substance abuse and other evidence of social and psychological anomie among youths with reference to Wajir District. 1.2 Statement of the Problem In Wajir District it is estimated that 80% or more of the population depends on pastoralism. The district is predominantly arid and semi-arid, has a history of conflict and internal displacement. These are harsh realities that are made worse by marginalization by the government largely due to the districts perceived lack of economic potential as well as a deficient understanding on how to support and promote nomadic pastoralism as a viable and sustainable livelihood. The district is further characterized by chronic drought (RoP, 1965; RoP, 2005). The cumulative result is the breakdown of social support systems rendering the provision of positive opportunities for asset accumulation impossible (Amuyunzu-Nyamongo Ezeh 2005, Rakodi 2002). These realities have made social dislocation and or urban migration attractive alternatives (Ellis, 2000; Fratkin, 2001). Youthful individuals who experience social dislocation are at risk of social impoverishment. They are exposed to social problems of urban life such as joblessness, urban crime, drug and alcohol addiction. Their experiences may also increase their dissatisfaction with existing orders leading to an upsurge in crime and violence, accompanied by other symptoms of social and psychological distress (World Bank 1994, Cernea 1993b; 1994a; Oba, 2001). This study seeks to probe the experiences of social dislocation in Kenya with reference to youths from pastoralist communities in Wajir District. 1.3 Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to probe the experiences of social dislocation in Kenya with reference to youths from pastoralist communities in Wajir District. 1.4 Study Objectives This study will be guided by the following objectives: To provide an overview of the present challenges facing pastoralists in Wajir District To provide the patterns of displacement among youthful pastoralists in Wajir District To examine the difficulties of adjustment socially dislocated youths face in Wajir District To determine remedies to the problem of social dislocation among youths in Wajir District 1.5 Research Questions This study will be guided by the following research questions: What are the present challenges facing pastoralists in Wajir District? What are the patterns of displacement in Wajir District? What adjustment difficulties do socially dislocated youths face in Wajir District? What are the remedies to the problem of social dislocation among youths in Wajir District? 1.6 Research Assumptions The study will be guided by the following assumptions:- All the respondents will give reliable information without fear or favor. That major towns in Wajir District have socially dislocated pastoralists youths. That the findings of this study will assist policymakers and stakeholders to address the pastoralist crisis. 1.7 Justification for the Study This study is significant because of the following reasons: There is limited literature (Ellis, 2000; Fratkin, 2001) on the demasculation and decline in the social capital of the pastoralist economy in Wajir District. This study, therefore, by documenting this aspect, could immensely contribute to knowledge and literature on the experiences of social dislocation and how it impacts on youths from pastoralist communities in Wajir District. The findings of this study could be relevant to policy-makers and other stakeholders such as NGOs and CBOs in formulating viable policies and intervention programmes to remedy the problem of social dislocation among youths in Wajir District. The local community will hopefully benefit when the problem of social dislocation among youths in Wajir District is addressed. 1.8 Scope and Limitation of the Study These are the boundaries to any study (Mugenda and Mugenda, 1999). This study will be carried out in Wajir East District in NEP Kenya. This study was prompted by the fact that the issue of social dislocation is a major challenge in Wajir District. The research will not cover broad issues outside the issue of social dislocation in Wajir District. The study will limit itself to Wajir District. For more conclusive results, all geographical locations inhabited by pastoralist communities would have been studied. However, this is not possible due to financial and other logistical constraints such as time and duration of the study. Other limitations in this study include the tough terrain, poor transport infrastructure and general insecurity making it difficult to traverse the district during data collection. The researcher will make special travel arrangements to overcome these challenges. 1.9 Theoretical Framework This study will be guided by the theories of social geometry and social capital. The theory of social geometry links socially-constructed places, socially-constructed time, and socially-constructed personages in order to grasp routine and ritual activities (Fabian, 1992). The social geometry of a people consists of infinite intersections of socially-constructed spaces, socially-constructed times, and socially-constructed personages. And, for many cultures, the geometry also defines who are we? Research on environmental memories has discovered the near universality of fondly remembered childhood places, representing the intersection of culturally constructed time and place (Altman et al. 1994; Marcus, 1994; Chawla, 1994). Mitigating social dislocation begins by reconstructing the social geometry (spatial and temporal dislocation) of the displaced. This is because attachment to space and time can be a powerful binding force for displaced social groups. Moser (1996) is renown for making significant contributions to the social capital theory. He argued that communities ability to cope depends not only on their material well-being, but also on their social capital the trust, networks, and reciprocal arrangements that link people with their communities. Rural and urban migration often follow long established patterns drawing on networks of information and contacts established by earlier waves of migration. Up to a point, such social capital may be strengthened by economic crisis, but beyond that threshold, networks become overwhelmed and social systems break down with disastrous consequences (Cousins, 1993; Amuyunzu-Nyamongo Ezeh 2005, Rakodi 2002). Studies (Moser and McIlaine 2005; Buvinic et al., 1999) were undertaken on the experiences of migrants in urban environments especially with reference to Latin America. These studies established that social dislocation is accompanied by an upsurge in crime and violence, accompanied by other symptoms of social and psychological distress. These studys findings indicate that social dislocation that manifest through the apparent breakdown of collective responses to livelihood erosion is both the result of a decline in the social capital of many pastoralist communities, and a causal factor in accelerating that breakdown by reinforcing social differentiation and decreasing levels of trust between individuals. Traditional, or informal institutions can often no longer maintain order, and neither do the formal institutions of the state command any confidence. Social dislocation weakens and helps dismantle vital social networks and life support mechanisms for families and communities. Authority systems are questioned or simply collapse in the face of the arising new challenges thereby groups lose their capacity to self-manage and the society suffers a demonstrable reduction in its capacity to cope with uncertainty (World Bank 1994, Cernea 1993b; 1994a). This coupled with the high rate of migration into urban centers and the speed of economic change (not necessarily growth) complicates pastoralists adjustment. 1.10 Definition of Significant Terms District a geographical area defined with a gazetted political boundary and comprises of a number of divisions, locations and sub-locations. Stakeholders people/ institutions that are directly interested in the functioning of a school. Social Dislocation The emotional, psychological or physical experience by persons who were forced to separate themselves from the circle of people, places and activities on which they had depended (for their livelihoods). CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter review related literature under the following subheadings namely social dislocation, challenges facing pastoralist communities, difficulties of adjustment for socially dislocated pastoralists, remedies to the problem of social dislocation and gaps identified. 2.2 Social Dislocation According to Sutro, Levingston and Downing (1988) people experience social dislocation when they are emotionally, psychologically or physically forced to separate themselves from the circle of people, places and activities on which they had depended (for their livelihoods). The debate on social dislocation revolves around the relationship between human activity and climate. The human-made dimensions of the pastoral plight are attributable to overstocking and other exogenous factors such as population growth, immigration, conflict and government policies. Climate related explanations revolve around drought, famine, decreased rainfall, floods, among others. Sobania (1979) observes that each year drought results in dislocation of the poor, despite massive hand-outs of famine relief by governments and donors. For him, drought survival involves survival of the fabrics of the social security systems that must depend on survival of livestock, marketing of the produce and sharing the resources. World Bank (1994) observes that each year, about 10 million people become involuntarily displaced and risk social impoverishment. Causes of social dislocation among pastoralists include limited access to water and pasture resources, loss of traditional grazing land, cattle raiding, lack of alternative sources of livelihood from pastoralism. Fratkin (2001) observes that dislocations among pastoralist societies in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda are brought about by drought, famine, and civil war. These problems are intensified by the current trend of government policies that encourage privatization and individuation of formerly communally held resources (Lane, 1989; 1996). Getachew (1995) and Fratkin (2001) attribute the prevalence of social dislocation among pastoral communities to the deteriorating conditions of food security and the breakdown of the traditional pastoral economy. They further note that worsening conditions of food security are occurring as interventions by states and international NGOs are decreasing. Several reasons exist for this state of affairs. First, development took no notice of the indigenous coping strategies of the pastoralists, their goals and aspirations (Grandin and Lembuya 1987, Hogg 1990). Second, because coherent government policies on drought are lacking, failure to reduce drought losses is frustrating the development efforts. Third, programs designed to help the pastoralists do not integrate their coping strategies into drought management plans (Huss-Ashmore and Katz 1989). Bonfiglioli (1992) identifies six factors that to him are responsible for social dislocation among pastoralist communities. First, is the issue of climate and ecology the lack of rainfall tends to set the array of vegetation over time, directly affecting livestock populations and pastoralists. Change in this parameter has worked to push pastoralists of the Sahel south. Second, demographic growth this factor contributes principally to the push of pastoralists into nomadism. Third, the agricultural impasse an increased demand for agricultural products has led to less fallowing and the opening up of more lands for agriculture at the expense of pasture land. These practices have led to disruptions in local level farmer-herder interchange. At another level, mega-project agricultural development has expropriated large areas of former grazing land. Fourth, government development policies this factor is one of central control serving state interests rather than local interests. Additiona lly, mismanagement, faulty policies and international trade has worked to impoverish pastoralists. Fifth, incorporation into the market economy essentially, this has been a double movement of increasing dependency and marginalization because of national production/exchange structures and the resulting loss of control by pastoralists over the terms of trade. Finally, insecurity, wars, and conflicts the interplay of political conflict, ecological stress and resulting food insecurity is present throughout the drylands. Pastoralists have borne the brunt of this crisis both as soldier and victim. Bovin and Manger (1990) noted that the political and economic dimensions of social dislocation include state policies that are seen to favor agriculture and settlement at the expense of pastoralism. 2.3 Challenges Facing Pastoralists Communities The Sessional Paper No 10 of 1965 on African Socialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya presented the framework for development and equity in Kenya but also presented great dilemma when it noted public investment would go to areas of highest potential returns and people most responsive to change. This approach was to favour the former White Highlands while perpetuating the marginalization of areas like North Eastern Province and the malaria and tsetse fly infested western lowlands (RoK, 1965). Little (1997) and Hogg (1988) documented a series of crises that led to losses and impoverishment among the Ilchamus pastoralists of Kenya. The Ilchamus crisis was attributed to loss of pasture to European settlers, market quarantines, farmer encroachment, use of communal grazing by absentee owner and the expansion of cultivation by herders. This reality could equally serve to describe the situation among pastoralists elsewhere in Kenya Sperling and Galaty (1994) attributed the crisis among the Samburu and Maasai pastoralists in Kenya to the gradual truncation of pastoral relations and narrowing of their access to resources, in land use, labor and livestock networks. Such circumscription undermines the strength of a more collective specialized pastoralism e.g. access to a range of pasture and an extensive shared labor pool to the benefit of a privileged minority. Fratkin (2001) used examples of the Maasai, Boran, and Rendille of Kenya to demonstrate that East African pastoralists are increasingly witnessing social and economic stratification, urban migration, and diminished nutrition for women and children as a result of increased economic diversification including agro-pastoralism, wage labor, and increased market integration. Oba (2001) observes that pastoralists have to contend with environmental vagaries and conflicts over the exploitation of limited resources. While the traditional practice of cattle raiding was done seasonally as a rite of passage into adulthood, to obtain cattle for bride price, a means of restocking after calamities such as prolonged drought and raids were predictable, infrequent and controlled not to cause death or harmfully affect the lives or livelihoods of the society, today that is not he case any more. The Pokot, Turkana, Marakwet, Tugen and Keiyo raided each other, but lived harmoniously until the onset of multi-party politics in the 1990s, when the raids eventually acquired belligerent and criminal tendencies. As the practice gained political character, raiders disregarded the seasonal aspect of cattle theft. Whereas communities would organize missions to retrieve stolen animals, the introduction of small arms has changed the nature of such custom and undermined traditional conflict management arrangements. Increasingly, communities are amassing weapons for their own security, and to carry out raids and retaliation missions. Any number of armed young raiders can now go on raiding missions, with or without the blessing of the traditional elders who traditionally sanctioned raids 2.4 Difficulties of Adjustment for Socially Dislocated Pastoralists Cernea (1990) revealed that social dislocation may lead to eight forms of impoverishment: unemployment, homelessness, landlessness, marginalization, food insecurity, loss of access to common property, erosion of health status, and social disarticulation. These findings were reconfirmed by a wider study conducted by the World Bank. Indeed, World Bank (1994) observes that following the drought of 1984, the phrase new pastoralists was coined to describe the growing number of stockless or near-stockless pastoralists clustered in and around prominent trading centers subsisting on famine relief. The implication is that those pastoralists who become involuntarily displaced and risk social impoverishment. Social impoverishment occurs when the displaced are unable to answer the primary cultural question where are we? Or rather who are we? Displacements in North Eastern Kenya has been due to resource conflict and security operation (Oba, 2001). For instance, in Manyatta Demo, Isiolo district, the pastoral economy has never recovered from the brutal government counter-insurgency activities in the 1960s and raiding by groups from the east in the 1980s and 1990s. Most residents have no capital or stock, and are obliged to produce and sell charcoal, an activity which is precarious, low return, and illegal. Women, on the other hand, have a much wider set of pursuits: collecting and selling of firewood, selling miraa (khat), milk, eggs and honey; gathering wild fruits, herbal medicines and incense; weaving baskets and mats; and making bread. 2.5 Remedies to the Problem of Social Dislocation Studies (Bryceson, 1996; Ellis (2000) and Francis et al (2005) observe that livelihood diversification has been widely recognized phenomena in Africa in recent decades as households have sought to sustain themselves by means of a wider array of economic activities. While these processes can be a positive response to new opportunities, they may also reflect a forced shift into more marginal activities as assets become eroded and former livelihood systems unviable. Forms of diversification recorded in their study included shifts to new farm enterprises, to off-farm sources of income, and to non-farm activities. Several studies in Kenya and elsewhere have laid this to rest (Green, 1987; Atwood, 1990; Carter, Wiebe and Blarel, 1991; Migot-Adholla, Hazell, Blarel and Place, 1991) the common belief that indigenous tenure systems impede productivity and the former mistaken notion of pastoralist overstocking and mismanagement. McCabe (1990) and Ndagala (1990) recognized that the provision of certain developments such as boreholes and veterinary care have removed some constraints on the potential for herd increase with the possibility for localized forage depletion. Behnke and Scoones (1992) and Scoones (1995) talked of ecological succession that captured fluctuating stocking rates and migratory patterns of forage exploitation that allow pastoral management to survive and even to flourish, sustaining livestock numbers in good years well beyond the conventional range management recommendations. These sentiments are supported by Bonfiglioli (1992) who argues that the image of eco-disaster and collapse should be tempered by the realization of the complexities, cultural resilience and the possibilities of pastoral viability. Besides, Sandford (1983) and Homewood and Rodgers (1987) observed that no satisfactory evidence was found for either declining for either declining productivity or overgrazing in either Baringo District, Kenya or the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania. Oba (2001) also opines that development programs might alleviate problems of social dislocation on a sustained basis if the people are helped to revive indigenous means of coping. This has not happened because improved knowledge of indigenous coping strategies, which is essential for developing food security policy, is lacking. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter presents the research methodology for the study including the research design, the study site, target population, sample and the sampling techniques, data collection instruments, validity and reliability of the instruments, data collection procedures and data analysis. 3.1 Research Design The study will use the survey design to explore the experiences of social dislocation in Kenya with reference to youths from pastoralist communities in Wajir District. A survey design is a technique where detailed information concerning a phenomenon is collected by posing questions to the respondents such that it becomes possible to find explanations for the social phenomenon in question (Wiersma Churchill, 1995). Therefore, surveys design concerns gathering of facts or pertinent and precise information concerning the current state of a phenomenon and wherever possible conclusion from the facts discovered. The descriptive survey design is best suited for this study because it is aimed at description of state of affairs as they exist (Kombo Tromp, 2006). 3.2 Study Location This study will be conducted in Wajir District an administrative district in the North Eastern Province of Kenya. Its capital town is Wajir. The district has a population of 319,261 and an area of 55,501 km ². Wajir district has only one local authority: Wajir county council. The district has four constituencies: Wajir North, Wajir West, Wajir East and Wajir South. Wajir District is divided into fourteen administrative divisions. The researcher collected data from two divisions, namely, Habaswein and Central. These are the divisions that host important urban centres namely Habaswein and Wajir town respectively. Borg Gall (1989) noted that the ideal setting for any study should be easily accessible to the researcher and should be that which permits instant rapport with the informants. Wajir District is chosen because it is easily accessible to the researcher. Wajir District is of importance in this study because it has the right composition of the target population given that it has urban centres that have become attractive to dislocated pastoralist youths. 3.3 Target Population The target population is the number of real hypothetical set of people, events or objects to which a researcher wishes to generalize his/her findings (Borg Gall, 1989). The target population will consist of all dislocated pastoralist youths in Wajir District. The study will involve local provincial administration (chiefs), Muslim religious leaders comprising of Sheikhs, Imams, mosque committees and madrassa teachers. Other categories will include representatives of NGOs, CBO officials, government officials and youth groups leaders. 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Procedures By observing the characteristics of a carefully selected and representative sample, one can make certain inferences about characteristics of a population from which it is drawn (Kothari, 1995). Mugenda and Mugenda (1999) suggest that 10% of the accessible population is adequate to serve as a study sample. Probability sampling will be used to obtain a sample of respondents to participate in the study. Since we are selecting two divisions, the figure 2 becomes the benchmark for selection of respondents that will Muslim religious leaders comprising Sheikhs and Imams, madrassa teachers, representatives of NGOs, CBO officials, government officials, youth groups leaders, and village elders. 3.5 Research Instruments This study will be based on primary and secondary data. Fieldwork incorporating personal observation will be utilized to obtain primary data. Primary sources of data will comprise field notes and reports made by the researcher with the help of two research assistants, interviews and observation summaries in the selected areas. The researcher and the assistants will use self-administered questionnaires to collect pertinent information from a cross section of informants. A selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ completion questionnaire is deemed most appropriate for the proposed study. This is because questionnaires are easy to administer, friendly to complete and fast to score and therefore take relatively very little time of researchers and respondents. The questionnaire enables participants to feel free to note down their responses without inhibition since they are not being observed. The study will use closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires, interviews and observation to draw responses from various categories of respondents. Open-ended questionnaires will be used to elicit in-depth information from respondents. Secondary data will be gathered from official documents, development reports and other published and unpublished materials. 3.6 Instrument Validity and Reliability Validity of a test represent the extent to which a test measures what it purpose to measure what it is supposed to be measuring (Orodho, 2005). To enhance content validity, the research instrument will be appraised by the project supervisors. Their contributions and suggestions will be used to clarify ambiguous questions and add new questions that would be forgotten. This will help reduce error in data collection. Reliability concerns the degree to which the same results could be obtained with a repeated measure at accuracy of the same result concept. A pilot study will be conducted to ensure reliability of the questionnaire and to identify any needs for revisions. Participants of the pilot study will be asked to complete the instrument and to provide comments or suggestions for revising any ambiguous items. Orodho (2005) observes that if the scores obtained from each respondent in the two tests are identical or quite close the measurement will be perceived to be reliable. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation will be employed to compute the correlation coefficient in order to establish the extent to which the content in the questionnaires are consistent in eliciting every time the instrument is administered. A correlation coefficient of about 0.8 will be considered high enough to judge the instrument as reliable. 3.8 Data Collection Procedures The researcher will seek a research permit from the Ministry of Education then notify the office of the district commissioner, the district education officer and the local administration. The researcher will then visit the respondents and give out the respective questionnaires to each of the respective selected respondents personally. The researcher will be available throughout to offer assistance to the respondents and make any necessary clarifications. 3.7 Data Analysis Data collected from the field will be cleaned and prepared for data analysis. Data analysis will be done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Data presentation will take the form of descriptive statistics (i.e. frequency tables, cross-tabulations, pie charts and bar graphs). 3.8 Ethical Considerations A permit will be sought from the Ministry of Education to carry out the research. The researcher will obtain informed consent from the institutions and participants. The respondents will be assured that the information obtained from the data will only b

Management Essay -- Business Management

Management It is almost always a team of people doing a task is better off than a person doing it. And if the leader is a narrow-minded, tyrant that has the stubbornness of a 5-year old child and the temper of a grumpy old person constantly on the verge of explosion, it is sure that the autonomy of the company will by out of sync. It was 2 years ago that a CEO had almost single-handedly almost brought a company to its knees, sending shock throughout all corners of Wall Street. He went by the name of â€Å"Chainsaw Al.† The near crumble of Sunbeam Corporation, a company that specializes in making household and outdoor goods, laid basically in the personality of Al Dunlap and his style of management, where he was autocratic and the structure was too top-down. When organizational structure is so top-down that information and advice only flow downwards and employees’ suggestions are ignored, problems are bound to occur sooner or later. After his one-man show, conducing chaos an d disorder, the board of Sunbeam could no longer stand the horrid situations and fired him. â€Å"You guys are responsible for the demise of Sunbeam! I’m here to tell you that things have changed. The old Sunbeam is over today. It’s OVER!!,† Dunlap screamed at his executives (Byrne 132). â€Å"It was like a dog barking at you for hours. He just yelled, ranted, and raved. He was condescending, belligerent, and disrespectful,† recalls Richard L. Boynton, president of the house-hold products division, during their first of many horrifying executive meetings (Byrne 132). Dunlap had made a name for himself on Wall Street by previous reigns as the best CEO there is, by way of a harsh, tyrannical attitude displayed by mass layoffs to cut excess baggage and a military-like atmosphere. A good leader is someone that shows and leads his troops into the direction that is right for the corporation. Dunlap clearly had a clear idea of what direction he wanted Sunbeam to go in, it was his way of leading them towards his vision that was wrong. One of A l Dunlap’s major faults was his use of power, which lead to doubts in his non-programmable decisions and a group of unhappy campers in his office. Power is the potential to influence people and their behaviors to accomplish something. Al Dunlap had many forms of power that enabled him to lead Sunbeam. First of all, he had legitimate power, pow... ...ith happy employees who respect their leader. The factors of a bad leader, no team work, a bad personality, and the wrong purpose for improvement lead to a bad situation that had no ending of continuous problems since not many people had the power to control him, besides the board of directors which he had hand-picked himself. Dunlap’s firing turned way overdue mainly because many people had relationships with Dunlap that went way back in times. And even when he did get fired, many did not want to be the one announcing his departure. Dunlap’s firing was bound to happen sooner or later since nothing he had done profited the company. Feeling betrayed by Sunbeam and his board, one of his last quotes at a leadership lecture in Australia was â€Å"If you want a friend, buy a dog. I’ve got two† (Byrne 149). Even after all the chaos he caused, he is still so stubborn and caught up in his ego to realize what he had done wrong at Sunbeam. Admitting to one’s mistake is one of the first st eps towards improvement and success. It is no wonder why he’s still unemployed today. Bibliography: Byrne, John A.. 1999 October 18. â€Å"Chainsaw.† BusinessWeek, 128-149.

Rationale: Learning and F-16 Falcon Paper

Rationale for Micro Teach 1 I have chosen the topic of making an F-16 falcon paper aeroplane as an ice breaking exercise; this will create a fun atmosphere and will help build a good working rapport with my students helping the students to relax making the learning environment a lot more comfortable, which in turn will aid learning. Equal opportunities are met by this topic and the method is not gender, ethical, moral or socially biased.This initial lesson will help me gain an understanding of the student’s practical skill capabilities. A practical first lesson will help me visually assess student’s ability to work with equipment and to follow simple instructions, as students progress through the harder stages of the demonstration, some students will pick up the skill almost immediately whilst others may struggle informing me of the levels that these students will learn at. Kolb learning cycle will help the students to achieve the final product.Through the actual proces s of creating the plane, students would be having concrete experience. Students will be able to observe and reflect at each stage helping them to perform each step at a time. Students will then be able to learn from the experience (Abstract Conceptualisation), through trial and error on the harder stages. Finally they will be making the final product and testing it, which refers back to the original concrete experience.The use of PowerPoint to demonstrate the processes involved will be aimed towards the learners who learn via the cognitive domain, these learners work from visual knowledge by applying the instructions. This will be white writing on a blue background to help aid any learners with dyslexia as this is a preferred visual style. Psychomotor domain learners will have the most benefit throughout the actual process of making the plane; these learners can then visually see the processes involved and will immediately be able to mimic the actions involved.There will be an under lying of the cognitive domain for these type learners to help reflect. I will have a pre-made product to show the class as an example, this type of resource can be passed around the class for all to see the method used in construction. I am able to offer assistance to those pupils who I feel may lack in confidence with practical activities, as this type of exercise will allow me to move around the classroom and see learners progress on a one to one basis.The affective domain learners will gain from personal tuition, and in return will be able to complete this exercise. As I go from person to person giving advice and hands on help, I can also mentally assess those learners in the other two domains as I see them progress. My learning objectives will be: These are obtainable and I will know that they have been achieved by the end of the lesson, through the learners answering questions and once learners have successfully made the F-16.As this is my first teaching experience I will be ne rvous but will teach with confidence, I have thoroughly researched this topic, and therefore have a strong basis of the topic being taught. Learners will see that I have a great knowledge of the subject and this will be portrayed throughout the lesson. I will achieve this by having correct posture, effective body language, and will use eye contact; I will use my voice to maintain a steady pace so that my language will flow. Whatever happens you need to cultivate a confident exterior, even if it is something of an act and you are feeling far from assured inside. † (Capel, Leask & Turner 2005)References Capel, S & Leask, M & Turner, T 2005, Learning to teach in the secondary school: a companion to school experience, London ; Routledge Kolb learning cycle [Online]. Available from : http://www. ldu. leeds. ac. uk/ldu/sddu_multimedia/kolb/kolb_flash. htm District, F D A C C 2010. Learning Domains [Online]. Available from : http://pixel. fhda. edu/id/learning_domain. html

Reaction Paper on Personality Theory Essay

If you were in this situation, how would you explain this mistake? Many of us might blame the slip on distraction or describe it as a simple accident. However, a psychoanalytic theorist might tell you that this is much more than a random accident. The psychoanalytic view holds that there are inner forces outside of your awareness that are directing your behavior. For example, a psychoanalyst might say that James misspoke due to unresolved feelings for his ex or perhaps because of misgivings about his new relationship. The founder of psychoanalytic theory was Sigmund Freud. While his theories were considered shocking at the time and continue to create debate and controversy, his work had a profound influence on a number of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, literature, and art. The term psychoanalysis is used to refer to many aspects of Freud’s work and research, including Freudian therapy and the research methodology he used to develop his theories. Freud relied heavily upon his observations and case studies of his patients when he formed his theory of personality development. Before we can understand Freud’s theory of personality, we must first understand his view of how the mind is organized. According to Freud, the mind can be divided into two main parts: 1. The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally. A part of this includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our awareness. Freud called this ordinary memory thepreconscious. . The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences. According to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, personality is composed of three elements. These three elements of personality–known as the id, the ego and the superego–work together to create complex human behaviors. The Id The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviors. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is very important early in life, because it ensures that an infant’s needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met. However, immediately satisfying these needs is not always realistic or even possible. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing things we want out of other people’s hands to satisfy our own cravings. This sort of behavior would be both disruptive and socially unacceptable. According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle through the primary process, which involves forming a mental image of the desired object as a way of satisfying the need. The Ego The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego functions in both the conscious,preconscious, and unconscious mind. The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. In many cases, the id’s impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification–the ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place. The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by the id’s primary process. The Superego The last component of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society–our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for making judgments. According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five. There are two parts of the superego: 1. The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviors. These behaviors include those which are approved of by parental and other authority figures. Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value and accomplishment. 2. The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments or feelings of guilt and remorse. The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behavior. It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic principles. The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious. The Interaction of the Id, Ego and Superego With so many competing forces, it is easy to see how conflict might arise between the id, ego and superego. Freud used the term ego strength to refer to the ego’s ability to function despite these dueling forces. A person with good ego strength is able to effectively manage these pressures, while those with too much or too little ego strength can become too unyielding or too disrupting. According to Freud, the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the id, the ego, and the superego.

Employee Behavior

Proper understanding of employee behavior in a workplace is key to maximizing the potential of an organization. Proponents of scientific behavioral approach argue that, the use of scientific methods in dealing with employee productivity in an organizational set up is the key to success. Behavioral- science approach theorists, Mary Parker Follet, Hugo Munsterberg and Elton Mayo laid much emphasis on the human and psychological factors which are likely to effect the workers. Considerable notions of these theories are employee relationship and motivation, information processing and organizational development. The trio are considered pioneers in the field of organizational psychology and behavioral approaches in the theories of management. Follet is an American social worker, a pioneer in the organizational theory and organizational behavior fields also a management consultant. Her theory criticized the micromanagement of employees and argued that, managers should stop being authoritative but instead, grant their employees the freedom to collaborate, socialize and work in teams with minimal supervision. Munsterberg, on the other hand argued that hiring of workers with the right personality and mental capabilities for performing certain jobs is key. Moreover, increased employee motivation, job performance and employee retention is very imperative. His theory suggests that matching of the correct jobs and skills to employee personality very significant for employee productivity. Elton Mayo, the founder of human relations movement is best known for Hawthorne studies which was conducted at western electric company. His theory was based on the soft ways for successful management. He recommended that individual's work performance depends on both social matters and job satisfaction. He contributed significantly on behaviorism movement in the management field. However, despite of criticisms from other proponents such as Marx, Weber and Taylor, modern behavioral pioneers, Follet, Munsterberg and Mayo contributed immensely on the contemporary management perspectives. Their arguments that successful management stem from understanding how best to treat and motivate employees upholds. Furthermore, application of the theories has made employees to become more efficient in their jobs.Organizational structure.Organizational structure defines how organizational activities are coordinated, and directing supervisions of the allocated tasks towards the achievement of organizational goals. Major types of organizational structure includes functional, divisional and matrix. Functional structure refers to grouping of the organization departments according to purposes. It is useful for small organizations with flexible departments which can solely rely on the skills, talents and knowledge of employees. Divisional structure is used by large organizations which operates in different geographical areas. The organization is divided into divisions which areas separately managed towards achieving the common set goals. It is useful in the sense that its desires can be met rapidly and more specifically since each division operates independently. Last but not least is the matrix organizational structure. This forms a combination of both functional and divisional structures. It is typically used in large multinational organizations and enjoys the benefits of both functional and divisional structure under one umbrella. Personality test Everyone in a work place possesses different personalities. The use of personality test immensely employs the use of the big five personality traits which includes openness, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and neuroticism. In a work place, personality traits can help in revealing strengths and weaknesses of the employees. Moreover, it helps in determining levels of emotional intelligence among employees, a key tool for efficient communication. In addition to this, personality traits helps in creating awareness and enhancing excellent team work among employees. Finally, personality traits it helps in promoting deeper understanding of employee capabilities based on their strengths and capabilities, thus making it easier to delegate the duties. Perceptional DistortionsPerceptual distortions refers to the variations of a person's response to a stimulus from the common perception. Majorly, it occurs as a result of intellectual biasness of an individual. The major causes of perceptual distortions includes but not limited to stereotyping, halo effect, pre-deposition, recency effect, pre-deposition effect, primacy effect and prejudice. An example of perceptual distortion is that of an individual who is suffering from anorexia and holds a biased self-image. Such people see their bodies as overweighed and unsightly whereas others perceive them as the undernourished as well as underweighted. Impression Management Motives and Basic Governing FactorsImpression management refers to a self-presentation system which focuses on improving a person's image in the eyes of others. Typically, it refers to a process in which people attempt to influence the perception of others. Managers synonymously implement the use of impression management to present themselves to their employees, the public and to their peers as a way of influencing the perceptions of their appearance. The underlying motives and basic governing factors of impression management culminates on the awareness of being a potential monitoring instrument and the kind social status. Additionally, cultural norms, personal goals and social perspectives forms other impression motives and governing factors for managers. The duo reveals the assertions which leads to a dynamic way of presentational aspects. Managers tend to impress their employees, peers and the public through the types of clothes they put on, which have specific designs and fashions. Politicians wear nice suits, curries an expensive suitcase and move in expensive cars so as to impress the public as they woe for votes. Christianity is another strategy used by managers to impress peers and the public alleging that their ways are pure. Workplace Stress.Stress refers to a hypersensitive response of the body to any kind of emotional strain. It occurs as a result of personal conflict between the job workload or demands and the little amount of time an employee has to meet these demands, hence lack of control. The common demands that may lead to stress in the workplace includes poor organization of the work, poor work design, poor working conditions, poor management and lack of supervisory support. Moreover, job monotony and excessive work load are also sources of stress in a workstation. The general responses to stress that can be experienced are majorly classified into physical, Emotional responses. Physical stress occurs in the general body and includes pains, aches and other diseases that may be caused by stress. Physical stress is accompanied by frequent headaches, chest problems, back pain and aching stomach. It is also characterized by insufficient sleep and high blood pressure. On the other hand, Emotional responses are experiences involving feelings and thoughts during stressful circumstances. Such responses include depression and anxiety, withdrawing socially and becoming more forgetful. Anger, lack of focus and becoming more restless are other emotional responses to stress. Too much stress is fatal and prevention measures should be put in place. In order to deal with stress, one should first trace the origin and know the causes of stress and develop healthy responses to curb the situation. Relaxing the mind and having sufficient sleep are important techniques suppressing stress. Avoid being lonely, talk to other people and seek for their help. Finally, talking to the supervisor about the stressing issue can help solve the situation. This can be done improving the working environment and the working conditions. Employee Behavior A proper understanding of employee behavior in a workplace is key to maximizing the potential of an organization. Proponents of scientific behavioral approach argue that the use of scientific methods in dealing with employee productivity in an organizational set up is the key to success. Behavioral- science approach theorists, Mary Parker Follet, Hugo Munsterberg and Elton Mayo laid much emphasis on the human and psychological factors which are likely to affect the workers. Considerable notions of these theories illuminate employee relationship and motivation, information processing and organizational development. The trio is considered the founders of organizational psychology and behavioral approaches in the theories of management.Follet is an American social worker, a pioneer in the organizational theory and organizational behavior fields also a management consultant. Her theory criticized the poor handling of employees and argued that managers should stop being authoritative but instead, grant their employees the freedom to collaborate, socialize and work in teams with minimal supervision. Munsterberg, on the other hand, argued that hiring of workers with the right personality and mental capabilities for performing certain jobs is key. Moreover, increased employee motivation, job performance, and employee retention are very imperative. His theory suggests that matching of the correct jobs and skills to employee personality very significant for the employee performance. Elton Mayo, who started human relations movement is best known for Hawthorne studies which were conducted at the western electric company. His theory was based on the soft ways for successful management. He recommended that individual's work performance depends on both social matters and job satisfaction. He contributed significantly to behaviorism movement in the management field. However, despite criticisms from other proponents such as Marx, Weber, and Taylor, modern behavioral pioneers, Follet, Munsterberg and Mayo contributed immensely to the modern viewpoints in management. Their arguments that successful management stems from understanding how best to treat and motivate employees upholds. Furthermore, application of the theories has made employees become more efficient in their jobs.Q2: Organizational structureOrganizational structure defines how organizational activities are coordinated, and directing supervisions of the allocated tasks towards the achievement of organizational goals. Major types of the organizational structure include functional, divisional and matrix. Functional structure refers to the grouping of the organization departments according to purposes. It is useful for small organizations with flexible departments which can solely rely on the skills, talents, and knowledge of employees. Divisional structure is used by large organizations which operate in different geographical areas. The organization is divided into divisions which areas separately managed towards achieving the common set goals. It is useful in the sense that its desires can be met rapidly and more specifically since each division operates independently. Last but not least is the matrix organizational structure. This forms a combination of both functional and divisional structures. It is typically used in large multinational organizations and enjoys the benefits of both functional and divisional structure under one umbrella.Q3: Personality testEveryone in a workplace possesses different personalities. The use of personality test immensely employs the use of the big five personality traits which includes openness, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. In a workplace, personality traits can help in revealing strengths and weaknesses of the employees. Moreover, it helps in determining levels of emotional intelligence among employees, a key tool for effective communication. In addition to this, personality traits help in creating awareness and enhancing excellent teamwork among employees. Finally, personality traits it helps in promoting a deeper understanding of employee capabilities based on their strengths and capabilities, thus making it easier to delegate the duties. Q4: Perceptional DistortionsPerceptual distortions refer to the variations of a person's response to a stimulus from the common perception. Majorly, it occurs as a result of intellectual biases of an individual. The major causes of perceptual distortions include but not limited to stereotyping, halo effect, pre-deposition, recency effect, pre-deposition effect, primacy effect, and prejudice. An example of perceptual distortion is that of an individual who is suffering from anorexia and holds a biased self-image. Such people see their bodies as overweighed and unsightly whereas others perceive them as the undernourished as well as underweighted. Q5: Impression Management Motives and Basic Governing FactorsImpression management refers to a self-presentation system which focuses on improving a person's image in the eyes of others. Typically, it refers to a process in which people attempt to influence the perception of others. Managers synonymously implement the use of impression management to present themselves to their employees, the public and to their peers as a way of impelling the insights of their appearance. The underlying motives and basic governing factors of impression management culminates in the awareness of being a potential monitoring instrument and the kind social status. Additionally, cultural norms, personal goals, and social perspectives form other impression motives and governing factors for managers. The duo reveals the assertions, which leads to a dynamic way of presentational aspects. Managers tend to impress their employees, peers and the public through the types of clothes they put on, which have specific designs and fashions. Politicians wear nice suits, carries an expensive suitcase and move inexpensive cars so as to impress the public as they woe for votes. Christianity is another strategy used by managers to impress peers and the public alleging that their ways are pure. Q6: Workplace StressStress refers to a hypersensitive response of the body to any kind of emotional strain. It occurs as a result of personal conflict between the job workload or demands and the little amount of time an employee has to meet these demands, hence lack of control. The common demands that may lead to stress in the workplace include poor organization of the work, poor work design, poor working conditions, poor management and lack of supervisory support. Moreover, job monotony and excessive workload are also sources of stress in a workstation. The general responses to stress that can be experienced are majorly classified into physical, Emotional responses. Physical stress occurs in the general body and includes pains, aches and other diseases that may be caused by stress. Physical stress is accompanied by frequent headaches, chest problems, back pain and aching stomach. It is also characterized by insufficient sleep and high blood pressure. On the other hand, Emotional responses are experiences involving feelings and thoughts during stressful circumstances. Such responses include depression and anxiety, withdrawing socially and becoming more forgetful. Anger, lack of focus and becoming more restless are other emotional responses to stress. Too much stress is fatal and prevention measures should be put in place. In order to deal with stress, one should first trace the origin and know the causes of stress and develop healthy responses to curb the situation. Relaxing the mind and having sufficient sleep are important techniques suppressing stress. Avoid being lonely, talk to other people and seek for their help. Finally, talking to the supervisor about the stressing issue can help solve the situation. This can be perfected by improving working conditions.