Benefits of Microbial Fuel Cell

Advantages of Microbial Fuel Cell Jessica Johnson This report centers around Microbial energy unit improvement and how it can assist us with conquering the vigorous issues we face right now, simultaneously giving an answer for treat squander water all the more effectively that the ebb and flow ways we are going on about doing as such. The report point is to show the advantages of using Microbial Fuel Cell to dispose of the cruel exercises we go through now to keep with the modernization of the world while simultaneously wrecking it, by utilizing the very germs and microscopic organisms that we fear. The exploration has presents instances of how the utilization of microbial will help us over the long haul once we can utilize this innovation for some more things on a much bigger scope The presence of MFC has demonstrated to be advantageous in a few different ways right now: Topic Point of the report Discoveries Presentation We as individuals consider germs to be microscopic organisms as accomplishing more damage than anything else, it fulfills us extraordinarily to realize that we can use these germs and microbes for a more prominent great. As the world turns out to be progressively modernized it is basic that we find different wellsprings of vitality that is spotless, sustainable and promptly accessible at a moderate expense. Nature is the first Microbial power device as it has been changing over natural substrates into vitality (Adenosine triphosphate-ATP) since the very beginning. Microbial energy units, innovation that is still in its creating stages which utilizes the biochemical exercises of microorganisms as an asset to get hydrogen make power. Utilizing MFCs are advantageous to the earth as it helps in the decrease of contamination and cuts the expense of water treatment hugely. Aside from being a vitality source, MFCs likewise can possibly give feasible force sources to secluded networks and de salinate water. Figure 1: A basic Microbial Fuel cell To most Microbial power device would appear as though something that is new to the world yet using organisms to deliver vitality was brought to the world in the mid 1900s by Professor M. C. Potter. Potter utilized Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces to deliver electrical vitality at the University of Durham (Mercer, 2012 and Potter, 1912). During his investigations, Potter found the capacity to saddle power from microorganisms and accepted that this disclosure would likewise profit people. Potter concocted making a microbial energy unit however did not have the information on bacterial digestion. Quick forward to the 1980s, M. J. Allen and H. Dwindles Bennetto further created Potters thought alongside the enthusiasm for giving moderate power to disconnected territories, cutting edge innovation and a superior understanding electron transport chain this empowered Allen and Bennetto to make an essential plan for the main Microbial Fuel Cell.â Most microscopic organisms are comprised of a lipid layer that comes up short on the capacity to direct power, Allen and Bennetto found that by utilizing electron go betweens to ship electrons to the anodes a more noteworthy electrical yield made (Davis and Higson, 2007). Korean specialist B-H Kim found that some microorganism had electrochemical movement and didn't require an electron middle person, this made a MFC that didn't require arbiters that were harmful and costly. As of late more consideration has been outfitted towards Microbial Fuel Cells because of their ecologically cordial working conditions and the capacity for them to use biodegradable substrates as fuel The microscopic organisms in a microbial power module work by oxidizing and lessening natural particles to make vitality. Figure 2: shows a Microbial Fuel Cell is part into equal parts, a vigorous half containing a cathode that permits oxygen. The anaerobic side contains no oxygen, the anode goes about as an electron receptor for the bacterial procedure. Isolating the two chambers is a proton trade layer or a salt scaffold, this keeps oxygen from entering the anaerobic side while at the same time permitting hydrogen particles to go through along these lines producing vitality. Biocatalyst on the anaerobic side of the MFC oxidizes natural substrates, for example, acetic acid derivation accordingly delivering electrons and protons (Antonopolou et. al 2010). The protons are pulled in to the cathode by going through the PEM while the electrons go through the outer circuit (Rahimnejad et. al 2011). In the event that oxygen enters the anode chamber this will keep vitality from being created. (Rahimnejad et. al 2011) Types of Microbial Fuel Cells Single Chamber MFC Two Chambered MFC Â Â A solitary chamber MFC, an anaerobic chamber that is connected to a permeable cathode presented to air and is isolated by a PEM. Electrons are moved to the cathode to finish the circuit. A solitary chamber MFC doesn't require energizing with an oxidative media and air circulation makes the single chamber MFC progressively adaptable and economical to arrangement because of the nonattendance of costly layers and cathodic chambers this makes adaptable application in wastewater treatment and force age. Figure 3: Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell A twofold chambered MFC This kind of MFC contains an anodic and cathodic chamber associated by a PEM that intercedes proton move from the anode to the cathode all while hindering the dispersion of oxygen into the anode, this framework is commonly utilized for squander treatment and vitality age. Figure 4: graph of a twofold chamber microbial energy unit Microorganisms Substrate Applications Escherichia coli Glucose, Sucrose Methylene blue required as a middle person Clostridium butyricum Starch, Glucose, Lactate, Molasses Fermentative bacterium Proteus mirabilis Glucose Utilizations Thionin as middle person Streptococcus lactis Glucose Middle person Ferric chelate complex Aeromonas hydrophila Acetic acid derivation Middle person less MFC Table 1: Microbes utilized in Microbial Fuel Cells With the assistance of microorganisms, Microbial Fuel Cells can change over concoction vitality into power Current and future uses for Microbial power devices There are flow applications in which Microbial Fuel cells are included demonstrates it to be an ever-advancing innovation that utilizes microscopic organisms to produce power from squander and make hydrogen. By taking advantage of this recently unharnessed wellspring of intensity, spotless, maintainable vitality can be delivered with ease. Wastewater treatment Microbial Fuel Cells can be used to treat sewage water. MFCs can murder the microorganisms found in sewage. It has been demonstrated that MFC can diminish the measure of microscopic organisms present in wastewater by 80% (Liu 2004). The waste water is at first pre-rewarded to evacuate the poisons and non-biodegradable materials from the water. This procedure is esteemed testing as sewage water can be incredibly poisonous and contaminated experiences broad treatment before MFC can be utilized to clean the water. High operational supportability and low material expenses are significant attributes for rewarding wastewater proficiently (Wang et. Al 2012) Ocean Water Desalination Microbial Fuel Cells are fit for delivering vitality yet at the level where we can expel salt from huge measure of water. In any case, there is potential for such procedure to be practiced, by utilizing an adjusted microbial power device would make desalination of ocean water conceivable without outside electrical sources [5]. Analysts tried the procedure of desalination by utilizing a desalination microbial power device. This is very unique to the past energy components referenced as there is a third chamber present for the salt water in the middle of the two anodes. The procedure happens with the positive and negative particles being pulled in to the point of view anodes as the proton electron layer expels the salt from the water leaving it new. Researchers recorded that salt evacuation was up to 90% proficient be that as it may, higher expulsion efficiencies are expected to deliver grade A drinking water [5]. Figure 5: Desalination microbial energy components Hydrogen Production With the assistance of a Microbial power module, hydrogen can be created. This procedure requires an outside wellspring of capacity to change over the microscopic organisms into carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas (JD Coates). Protons are discharged by the anodic response and go through the PEM towards the cathode, this at that point joins with oxygen to shape water. Hydrogen made from the electrons and protons created by the microorganisms utilizing in a MFC can be risky temperature insightful (Liu et al). Force source-The entire thought behind the turn of events and headway of microbial energy unit innovations was for the most part dependent on giving modest, available capacity to remote locales of on the planet like towns in Africa, where lion's share of the populace lives without the advantage of power (Doty, 2008). The utilization of natively constructed Microbial Fuel Cell in Africa is new, tests are being finished with fertilizer and earth which would be valuable for populaces in country regions where this can be as reasonable as could be expected under the circumstances. The electrical flow delivered by a basic hand crafted MFC is sufficient to revive a mobile phone battery, a significant correspondence and lighting instrument to rustic African people group. Endeavors are being made to make MFCs that can be developed from straightforward things that can be effortlessly gained. Materials, for example, soil, fertilizer, copper wire, pails, and graphite fabric are basic in making a basic MFC. End Microbial power devices have made a promising future for people and the planet we live on. The examination done as such far and with the applications that we have right now will help the decrease of our need to utilize non-renewable energy sources and permit us to pick up vitality from squanders items, microscopic organisms ridden water, empower us to utilize recently salted water to drink, ranch with, this will incredibly profit third world nations and zones tormented with dry spell and give power to places that don't have any. Researchers can't use MFC innovation to change the world in a day however are taking a shot at approaches to help roll out an improvement a tiny bit at a time. M

5 Simple Ways to Stay Productive and Reach Success

5 Simple Ways to Stay Productive and Reach Success At the point when things turn out badly, or just aren’t pushing ahead the way we’d like, it’s simple to point fingers. That person didn’t do what he should. I was sitting tight for her to go first. I just didn’t have time. However by and large, the deterrent to our prosperity is really obvious: it’s us. Here are five different ways toâ stay profitable and succeed.1. Tackle Your Work ImmediatelyProcrastinating is so natural it very well may be covered up under the appearance of â€Å"prioritizing.† Human nature being what it is, assignments procrastinated on for â€Å"later† will consistently be hypothetical, simply out of the compass of the plan for the day. Feeling free to accomplish something, regardless of whether it’s not awfully advantageous or charming, takes it back to being a substantial accomplishment. Think how fulfilling it’ll be to check it off.2. Embrace The Possibility of FailureSure, you may fal l flat. Learn to expect the unexpected. On the off chance that you do, the world doesn’t stop. Don’t let your dread of disappointment or your terrorizing direct your best course of action, since you will completely pass up on development and chances in the event that you can’t even get started.3. Own Your IdeasYou had the extraordinary thought in the first place, so steer it unhesitatingly as you breath life into it. You carry aptitudes and a special point of view to the table-so regardless of whether others are experiencing difficulty sharing your vision, that doesn’t mean stop. It implies continue moving, adjust if essential, and realize that your impulses are substantial. It’s alright to be sure about your abilities.4. Transform Fault Into an OpportunityAnalysis is acceptable, blame dealing isn't. Making sense of how things turned out badly ought to be a piece of any improvement procedure, however discover approaches to make that a helpful mee ting. Ask how things can be fixed and what explicitly you or a partner can do to improve the outcome moving forward.5. Continue Learningâ€Å"I didn’t know† isn’t an excuse†¦it’s a cop-out. On the off chance that you don’t effectively gain from everything circumventing you, don’t be shocked if you’re unexpectedly feeling deserted as others around you develop and change and push ahead. Likewise, gaining from the past can shield you from committing errors again and again or getting frustrating results†¦again.The uplifting news is that if you’re obstructing your own prosperity, you can likewise be the saint for expelling that impediment. No super-quality essential, only a readiness to keep your head up and be proactive.Read More at Lifehack

Chlorophyll Definition and Role in Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll Definition and Role in Photosynthesis Chlorophyll is the name given to a gathering of green shade atoms found in plants, green growth, and cyanobacteria. The two most regular kinds of chlorophyll will be chlorophyll a, which is a blue-dark ester with the compound formula C55H72MgN4O5, and chlorophyll b, which is aâ dark green ester with the recipe C55H70MgN4O6. Different types of chlorophyll incorporate chlorophyll c1, c2, d, and f. The types of chlorophyll have diverse side chains and concoction bonds, yet all are portrayed by a chlorin color ring containing a magnesium particle at its inside. Key Takeaways: Chlorophyll Chlorophyll is a green color particle that gathers sun powered vitality for photosynthesis. Its really a group of related particles, not simply one.Chlorophyll is found in plants, green growth, cyanobacteria, protists, and a couple animals.Although chlorophyll is the most widely recognized photosynthetic shade, there are a few others, including the anthocyanins. The word chlorophyll originates from the Greek words chloros, which means green, and phyllon, which implies leaf. Joseph Bienaimã © Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier first disengaged and named the atom in 1817. Chlorophyll is a fundamental color particle for photosynthesis, the compound procedure plants use to assimilate and utilize vitality from light. Its likewise utilized as a food shading (E140) and as an aerating specialist. As a food shading, chlorophyll is utilized to add a green shading to pasta, the soul absinthe, and different nourishments and drinks. As a waxyâ organic compound, chlorophyll isn't solvent in water. It is blended in with a modest quantity of oil when its utilized in food. Otherwise called: The substitute spelling for chlorophyll is chlorophyl. Job of Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis The general adjusted condition for photosynthesis is: 6 CO2 6 H2O â†' C6H12O6 6 O2 where carbon dioxide and water respond to deliver glucose and oxygen. Notwithstanding, the general response doesnt demonstrate the multifaceted nature of the synthetic responses or the particles that are included. Plants and other photosynthetic creatures use chlorophyll to assimilate light (generally sun oriented vitality) and convert it into compound vitality. Chlorophyll unequivocally ingests blue light and furthermore some red light. It inadequately assimilates green (reflects it), which is the reason chlorophyll-rich leaves and green growth seem green. In plants, chlorophyll encompasses photosystems in the thylakoid film of organelles called chloroplasts, which are moved in the leaves of plants. Chlorophyll assimilates light and uses reverberation vitality move to empower response focuses in photosystem I and photosystem II. This happens when vitality from a photon (light) expels an electron from chlorophyll in response focus P680 of photosystem II. The high vitality electron enters an electron transport chain. P700 of photosystem I works with photosystem II, in spite of the fact that the wellspring of electrons in this chlorophyll particle can change. Electrons that enter the electron transport anchor are utilized to siphon hydrogen particles (H) over the thylakoid layer of the chloroplast. The chemiosmotic potential is utilized to deliver the vitality particle ATP and to decrease NADP to NADPH. NADPH, thus, is utilized to lessen carbon dioxide (CO2) into sugars, for example, glucose. Different Pigments and Photosynthesis Chlorophyll is the most generally perceived atom used to gather light for photosynthesis, however its by all account not the only color that serves this capacity. Chlorophyll has a place with a bigger class of atoms called anthocyanins. Some anthocyanins work related to chlorophyll, while others ingest light autonomously or at an alternate purpose of a creatures life cycle. These atoms may secure plants by changing their shading to make them less alluring as food and less obvious to bothers. Different anthocyanins retain light in the green bit of the range, broadening the scope of light a plant can utilize. Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Plants make chlorophyll from the atoms glycine and succinyl-CoA. There is a moderate particle called protochlorophyllide, which is changed over into chlorophyll. In angiosperms, this concoction response is light-needy. These plants are pale on the off chance that they are developed in haziness since they cannot finish the response to deliver chlorophyll. Green growth and non-vascular plants dont expect light to incorporate chlorophyll. Protochlorophyllide structures harmful free radicals in plants, so chlorophyll biosynthesis is firmly controlled. In the event that iron, magnesium, or iron are inadequate, plants might be not able to combine enough chlorophyll, seeming pale or chlorotic. Chlorosis may likewise be brought about by inappropriate pH (causticity or alkalinity) or pathogens or bug assault.

Concepts in Physical Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ideas in Physical Science - Essay Example By joining perceptions objective contentions and experimentation he upheld the hypothesis of vision. He remedied the assumption by expressing that the beams of light are radiated from objects as opposed to originating from the eyes. He dismissed the old speculations of Ptolemy and Euclid about the hypothesis of vision.He additionally rectified Aristotle’s hypothesis where he had guaranteed that items produce physical particles towards the eyes. During the primary thousand years, BC Babylonian Astronomy advanced into the best instances of logical cosmology. This strategy for galactic examination was the principal effective endeavor at refining the scientific portrayal of cosmic developments. Every single further improvement in space science by the Islamic world and the Indian researchers was made conceivable because of such research. During the center of the fifth century BC, other extraordinary scholars like Plato referenced showing number juggling, space science, and geometry . The field of science is as old as the logical manner of thinking itself. The soonest record of utilizing metals by people has all the earmarks of being gold. It is normally discovered free or crude in nature and does exclude concoction preparing to acquire it. It likewise implies that different metals like silver, tin, copper, and iron allowed the soonest people a chance to work with metals. Democritus was a Greek logician who established the atomistic school where he took a shot at finding the reasons why various substances had various properties and why they existed in various states.

Why Do I Need Assignment Writers For My Book?

Why Do I Need Assignment Writers For My Book?Assignment writers are professionals who have a strong desire to find and publish the best new books. They work in combination with book publishers and submit assignments and books for publication. Writing skills are needed to be able to write a short story, novel, biography, or book review. Writers must possess strong communication skills as well as marketing and management skills in order to be able to properly handle any of the different tasks assigned.Although most assignments are not story-driven, writers often include a character in their work that will guide them through the entire book. This character may have a single or multiple chapters and be featured as the main character or secondary character. Once the story is written, assignment writers then publish the book for sale and further sales through the publishing business.Book publishers require writers to have strong writing abilities and technical skills when it comes to writi ng about real estate. In real estate, there are many types of properties such as condominiums, apartment buildings, and houses. There are also different types of properties to sell including condos, apartments, and town homes. When writing about these types of properties, writers must be familiar with the current state of the real estate market and how to successfully promote these properties. Depending on the book's topic, writing about real estate can include certain types of property.While you can find many online sources for assignment writers, you may want to go to your local bookstore or your local real estate agents. Most bookstores keep a list of book reviewers or literary agents that can help you find professional and talented writers who are interested in helping you publish your next book. In addition, they often have various websites where you can choose from hundreds of book reviewers.When writing about real estate, you may want to take advantage of the opportunities th at book reviewers and literary agents provide. You can use this knowledge in order to gain additional sales by choosing book reviewers and agents that may be a good fit for your projects.Assignment writers are usually preferred for their extensive experience in the field. They also have been given a fee by their publisher and are given a certain time frame for completing the assigned book. In order to be successful at marketing and promoting a book, you need the assistance of assignment writers.Book reviewers and writers may need to appear as experts in certain fields. If you hire an article writer or even a web designer, you may want to check with a book reviewer to determine if they can provide you with the skills needed for the assignment. Additionally, if you are planning to hire the services of a reporter or a columnist, you should speak with a book reviewer and ask them if they can provide you with the right information for your project. Their knowledge of the industry will ma ke your project come out better.Book reviewers and writers are important resources for any author. They are professionals that have both the time and the knowledge to help you sell your book. Make sure that you find qualified book reviewers and writers that are willing to lend their expertise to your project.

Research Psychiatric Mood Disorders, Induced by Cannabis - 1375 Words

Research Psychiatric Mood Disorders, Induced by Cannabis (Essay Sample) Content: Psychiatric mood disorders, induced by CannabisNameInstructorInstitutionDateA significant number of psychoactive or toxic substances can lead to psychotic reactions. Such of substance-induced psychosis always arise in many ways. First, a patient may unintentionally ingest toxic substances, either because of a mistake or they don't know any better. Alternatively, most people may take too much of a reasonably prescribed medication, drugs may act in unforeseen ways, or doctors may misjudge the effects of drugs they prescribe. Lastly, people may overindulge in recreational drugs they regularly use such as cannabis, alcohol and cocaine or become reliant on drugs or alcohol and get psychotic signs while after withdrawal (Bally, Zullino Aubry, 2014).While the substance-induced psychosis is activated and then persistent by withdrawal or intoxication, its effects can last for long after withdraw or intoxication has ended. There has been significant debate on whether there is a relationship between psychiatric disorder and chronic cannabis abuse. Medical practitioners agree that chronic cannabis use can lead to acute adverse psychological effects that are similar to mental disorders, such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia (Iskandar et al. 2011). The position of cannabis in psychiatric disorders has been a subject of discussion for a long period.Epidemiological research have indicated that as the incidence of cannabis abuse rises, so does the possibilities for a psychotic disorder occurring such as schizophrenia. More research has also shown that cannabis is the most regularly used drug among people detected with bipolar disorder. Basing on the pharmacokinetics found in the psychoactive agent, the effects are noticeable within few minutes. 9-THC is very fatty soluble which can collect in lipid matters reaching peak concentrations within a period of 4 to 5 days. Afterward,it is gradually released back into the system of the human body, such as the brai n, reaching high absorptions in the limbic, motor areas, neocortical and sensory (Nordegren, T. 2002). The material elimination half-life of 9-THC is estimated to occur within seven days and total eradication of a single dose last up to 1 month. Fascinatingly, the plasma levels of 9-THC poorly compare with urine levels, enabling the urine toxicology screen undefined test.Cannabis use contributes to acute psychosis in many people and can lead to short-term exacerbations of pre-prevailing psychotic diseases. Cannabis intoxication also causes signs of paranoid ideas depersonalization, irrational panic and fear of dying, which correspond with acute poisoning and remitted rapidly (Bally, Zullino Aubry, 2014). The cannabis patients show more symptoms of agitation and hypomania, fewer auditory hallucinations, incoherent speech, flattening of affect and hysteria than controls. Clouding of cognizance is not common to most cannabis users. They also exhibited marked developments in symptoms i n a period of one week.People who use cannabis regularly may show frequent short episodes of psychosis and maintain themselves in a severe psychotic state. It can be a possibility, but stated that it is not easy to differentiate between the occurrence of illness such as schizophrenia and a chronic cannabis psychosis with continued cannabis use (Iskandar et al. 2011). There is however, clear evidence that cannabis use may result in a psychotic illness that continues after abstinence. In particular research, it was established that 15 percent of cannabis abusers showed psychotic-like symptoms, which is associated with hearing voices or experiencing unwarranted feelings of torment. What some studies have failed to prove whether cannabis use is a cause or consequence of psychiatric disorders. Results from research reviews, established that the connection between psychotic and cannabis, two theories have been created.The first theory explains that cannabis usage leads to psychotic sympto ms in a healthy person that would not have happened when the victim abstained. The second theory is that cannabis abuse may catalyze psychosis in people who are prone to acquiring a psychotic disorder. Some cases have reported long depersonalization after termination of cannabis use. Signs and symptoms witnessed during drug-free periods are hardly reported. The critical role cannabis plays in causing bipolar disorder is documented in various scholarly articles. Epidemiological studies have positively indicated that bipolar disorder has the highest amount of substance misuse comorbidity of any axis I disorder. The Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) survey established that 41 percent of people who have bipolar disorder exhibited a comorbid substance usage with cannabis leading among the most regularly abused. Cannabis abuse before development of bipolar disorder has a major effect on first- experience mania and on the progress of the disease (Nordegren, T. 2002). A different research stated that abusing cannabis at baseline can considerably increase the dangers for manic symptoms through follow-up.Recent developments in endogenous ligands and cannabinoid receptors have transformed interest in the methods by which cannabis can result in major psychiatric disorders. Current science now acknowledged that the endocannabinoid structure symbolizes a new signaling procedure in the nervous system that controls immune function, neurotransmitter systems, and energy metabolism. Scholars now consider that cannabis usage at the critical stages of brain growth can result in a strong disruption of the endocannabinoid system and eventually lead to a wrong hardwiring of the brain. Cannabis consumption plays a role in the complex interactions involving glutamate transmission, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or other aspects that lead to psychotic disorders. Conversely, the issue remains as to why, in an overall population of cannabis addicts, do only a small portion expo sed show a psychiatric illness.There is a case of a young university student from a family with no history of any psychiatric illness, who developed psychosis secondary to cannabis abuse. The student psychosis continued long after even after stopping abusing cannabis, and he required to be treated therapeutically for new onset bipolar disorder that has psychotic types. In the real sense of no known hereditary predisposition, it is fascinating that cannabis triggered the psychosis, which justifies for further research into accepting that cannabis has a big effect on the neurotransmission at different receptors.Different longitudinal studies and case studies have proved the link between mania related to cannabis and acute psychosis. The most noticeable symptoms elicited are depersonalization, auditory hallucinations, and fearful feelings of being victimized, realization, anxiety, irritability and grandiosity. The argument remains as to whether or not cannabis use can result in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in a healthy person. Another example is presented when a young man, who was formerly healthy and was well functioning studying for bachelors degree in Math with a 3.3 grade-point average. The student was performing well in his course work (Iskandar et al. 2011). However, after observing him for a particular period, it was established that cannabis use can cause psychotic symptoms as he developed a more severe emotional and psychotic disorder.Clinicians have anticipated several causing factors such as age of users, heavy usage length of users, and psychotic vulnerability. Some researchers have found out that youths are more vulnerable to the mental harm of cannabis since they may witness emotional problems that come along with cannabis use and, regular abuse may affect with personal and learning development. Given that heavy uses of cannabis among adolescences can cause a toxic psychosis, it is evident that it will exacerbate the symptoms of schizophrenia. However, clinical practice suggests that some cannabis patients assert that they use cannabis as a way of self-medication. For instance, Wasan et al. (2007) noted that 83 pati...

Calorimeter Definition in Chemistry

A calorimeter is a device used to measure the heat flow of a chemical reaction or physical change. The process of measuring this heat is called calorimetry. A basic calorimeter consists of a metal container of water above a combustion chamber, in which a thermometer is used to measure the change in water temperature. However, there are many types of more complex calorimeters. The basic principle is that heat released by the combustion chamber increases the temperature of the water in a measurable way. The temperature change may then be used to calculate the enthalpy change per mole of substance A when substances A and B are reacted. The equation used is: q Cv(Tf - Ti ) where: q is the amount of heat in joulesCv  is the calorimeters heat capacity in joules per Kelvin (J/K)Tf and Ti are the final and initial temperatures Calorimeter History The first ice calorimeters were built based on Joseph Blacks concept of latent heat, introduced in 1761. Antoine Lavoisier coined the term calorimeter in 1780 to describe the apparatus he used to measure heat from guinea pig respiration used to melt snow. In 1782, Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace experimented with ice calorimeters, in which heat needed to melt ice could be used to measure heat from chemical reactions. Types of Calorimeters Calorimeters have expanded beyond the original ice calorimeters. Adiabatic calorimeter: Some heat is always lost to the container in an adiabatic calorimeter, but a correction factor is applied to the calculation to compensate for heat loss. This type of calorimeter is used to study runaway reactions.Reaction calorimeter: In this type of calorimeter, the chemical reaction occurs within an insulated closed container. Heatflow versus time is measured to arrive at the reaction heat. This is used for reactions intended to run at a constant temperature or to find the maximum heat released by a reaction.Bomb calorimeter: A bomb calorimeter is a constant-volume calorimeter, constructed to withstand the pressure produced by the reaction as it heats the air within the container. The temperature change of water is used to calculate the heat of combustion.Calvet-type calorimeter: This type of calorimeter relies on a three-dimensional fluxmeter sensor made of rings of thermocouples in series. This type of calorimeter allows for a larger sample size and reacti on vessel size, without sacrificing the accuracy of the measurement. An example of a Calvet-type calorimeter is the C80 calorimeter.Constant-pressure calorimeter: This instrument measure the enthalpy change of a reaction in solution under conditions of constant atmospheric pressure. A common example of this type of device is the coffee-cup calorimeter.

Online Learning Stochastic Approximation - 1139 Words

4 Online learning: Stochastic Approximation Estimating the mixing density of a mixture distribution remains an interesting problem in the statistics literature. Stochastic approximation (SA) provides a fast recursive way for numerically maximizing a function under measurement error. Using suitably chosen weight/step-size the stochastic approximation algorithm converges to the true solution, which can be adapted to estimate the components of the mixing distribution from a mixture, in the form of recursively learning, predictive recursion method. The convergence depends on a martingale construction and convergence of related series and heavily depends on the independence of the data. The general algorithm may not hold if dependence is present. We have proposed a novel martingale decomposition to address the case of dependent data. 5 Measurement error model: small area estimation We proposed [4] a novel shrinkage type estimator and derived the optimum value of the shrinkage pa- rameter. The asymptotic value of the shrinkage coefficient depends on the Wasserstein metric between standardized distribution of the observed variable and the variable of interest. In the process, we also estab- lished the necessary and sufficient conditions for a recent conjecture about the shrinkage coefficient to hold. The biggest advantage of the proposed approach is that it is completely distribution free. This makes the estimators extremely robust and I also showed that the estimator continues toShow MoreRelatedNetwork Estimation : Graphical Model1222 Words   |  5 Pagesestimation is robust to outliers and 3 applicable under general distributional assumptions. In the theoretical development, the graph estimation consistency result is also established. Along with standard MCMC, we have developed a fast posterior approximation technique based on variational method. 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Humans often have difficulty comprehending data in many dimensions. Thus, reducing dataRead MoreGoogle Case : Capital Structure10166 Words   |  41 PagesNew York, NY, 10012 Vahab S. Mirrokni Google Research 76 9th Ave New York, NY 10011 S. Muthukrishnan Google Research 76 9th Ave New York, NY 10011 mirrokni@google.com muthu@google.com narchak@stern.nyu.edu ABSTRACT Consider an online ad campaign run by an advertiser. The ad serving companies that handle such campaigns record users’ behavior that leads to impressions of campaign ads, as well as users’ responses to such impressions. This is summarized and reported to the advertisers

Books That Continue To Thrive Centuries After Their Initial

Books that continue to thrive centuries after their initial writing contain something that prompts continued discussion and analysis, such as wisdom and insight, or, in some cases, controversy. In the 15th century, Niccolo Machiavelli composed a political treatise that has persisted primarily due to the questionable morality and brutal practices it promotes. Readers have spent centuries wrestling with this small but powerful book, trying to discern Machiavelli’s purpose, as well as how his writing has influenced political leaders since its publication. With a political background during a time of unrest in Italy, Machiavelli wrote with expertise and knowledge, having seen rulers fail first-hand in addition to his extensive historical†¦show more content†¦More than mere advice, Machiavelli wrote an entire battle plan backed by historical facts, leaving no circumstances unconsidered or threats unaddressed. From armies and fortresses to public relations and religion, Mac hiavelli presents blunt and sometimes radical opinions on how to conquer and maintain a stable country that have both intrigued and concerned readers for centuries. Without considering morality, Machiavelli’s advice not only sounds plausible—it makes sense. He recognizes the challenge of ruling a people after taking out a well-loved ruler, making sure to eliminate all possible heirs to the throne to leave no question of authority, and never trusting mercenaries because they do not have genuine loyalty to the cause. Ultimately, he recommends eliminating any possible threats, no matter the means necessary. On the surface, this sounds brutal and unnecessary, but Machiavelli thoroughly backs up all of his claims through historical and recent events. Repeatedly, after giving a piece of instruction, Machiavelli lists several examples of rulers who exemplify relevant examples of either success or failure. He does not have an example of a perfect government to work from, but i n analyzing various strategies that have worked—or not worked—in certain circumstances, Machiavelli constructs what he believes to be an indestructible political ideal. There is no doubt that the morality of this ideal is questionable, but his propositionsShow MoreRelatedLittle Women By Louisa Alcott1260 Words   |  6 Pagescan be viewed as a classic book or girl’s book. It was written after the Civil War after the author received endless demand from the young female readers. Initially they were published as two books where Chapters 1 to 23 where issues back in 1868 under Little Women title, however, after becoming a highly sensational success, Chapters 24 to 47 were published in 1869 under the title Good Wives Louisa (1869). Louisa May Alcott’s personal life is demonstrated in the first book hence acting as a form ofRead MoreHow Does Language Really Hindered The Intelligence Of Us?846 Words   |  4 Pagesletters, and initials to communicate with one another, harms their ability to switch from that form of language to normal grammar† (qtd. in Williams). The language of this generation has evolved over the years such as the generations that came before them. We should ask ourselves. Has the evolution of language really hindered the intelligence of us here in the twenty first century, or has it indeed brought us to the next level of intelligence? We have come a long way from the eighteenth century to thisRead MoreDeath and Dying Essays1112 Words   |  5 PagesDying By Elisabeth Kubler-Ross For my book review, I read On Death and Dying, by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross. Dr. Kubler-Ross was the first person in her field to discuss the topic of death. Before 1969, death was considered a taboo. On Death and Dying is one of the most important psychological studies of the late twentieth century. The work grew out of her famous interdisciplinary seminar on death, life, and transition. In this paper, I give a comprehensive book review as well as integrate topics learnedRead MoreNatural Disasters1542 Words   |  7 Pageswant to keep and pass on t o future generations and outside world (Ekwelem). According to Hans, our intellectual and cultural heritage is mostly preserved in written form: books, periodicals and manuscripts constitute the collective ‘Memory of the World’. Other than our individual memories, they span the generations and the centuries. Whether written on vellum, paper or palm leaves, they preserve knowledge that man has gathered over the ages. Much has been destroyed or has vanished without trace. ThusRead MoreWilliam Goldings Lord of the Flies: A Review1479 Words   |  6 PagesLord of the flies is anything but an easy book to digest. It comes upon the reader like a heavy meal on a suffocating summers day. The main idea is fairly simple actually: a group of children stranded on an isolated island are trying to reenact the norms of the society they used to live in before their arrival on the island. Gradually, things descend more violently with the children looking to kill the beast that lives i n the heart of the jungle. What they are unable to realize though is that theRead MoreAnd, Like The Fairs, Reflect American Urbanism And The1331 Words   |  6 Pagesleave the theme park behind to pursue a real city. The project would encompass all the ethics that Walt held dear throughout the completion of Disneyland and its Tomorrowland theme, yet create a place of experimental ingenuity and creativeness to thrive within. The land had been obtained as a result of the New York world’s fair. According to Marling, urban planner and master builder, Robert Moses wanted land in the east to be developed on. And so, Walt began to imagine what he could create on a plotRead MoreGeneral Stanley Mcchrystal s Military Design2000 Words   |  8 Pagesorder to have a thriving military in the twenty-first century we would have to do away with the original command-and-control military design. In the twentieth century command-and-control design the orders came from a designated commander of the assigned force in order to accomplish a mission. However, in Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World, General McChrystal notes this design must be changed in order for the military to thrive. He then began focusing on a new way in which toRead MoreEssay on Napoleon Bonaparte and the Catholic Church2177 Words   |  9 Pagesdevastated the Church’s economy. Pope Pius VII and Napoleon Bonaparte came into power as the French Revolution was ending. For different reasons they both saw the importance of restoring Roman Catholicism’s position in France. The Catholic Church’s initial support of Napoleon greatly affected both parties (O’Dwyer 12-14, 43, 49). This statement has led me to ask the following question: To what extent did the support of Napoleon affect the Church’s role as a political and economic power in France? InRead MoreInfluence of the Ancient Port of Massilia on the Contemporary Port of Brisbane1923 Words   |à ‚  8 Pagesin contemporary urban forms with a strong emphasis on the Port of Massilia in comparison with the Port of Brisbane, whilst providing evidence on the similarities and differences of these historical and contemporary designs. Influence of history The book Concepts of Urban Design by David Gosling and Barry Maitland has stated that, â€Å"History provides a large number of traditional urban forms which have survived the passage of time and which work to a greater or lesser degree. (Gosling Maitland, 1984)Read MoreA Description Of The Approach2265 Words   |  10 Pagesdifficulty. As students learn in such a diverse method of ways, all students may need differentiation in assorted - Can the benefit of technology be harnessed within differentiated instruction? Taking in to consideration today, within our 21st century classrooms, many of the obstacles to implementing differentiated instruction can be targeted with the successful use of technology. Teachers of today have within their reach more options for technology based differentiation than ever before as a result

Julius Caesar Character Analysis Essay - 834 Words

Backstabber. Who was once a friend that ended up costing someone’s life. In the play Julius Caesar the entire situation gets out of hand, Caesar had still thought his true friend, Cassius, was loyal to him. Cassius is to be known of betraying, his once good friend, Caesar. Even someone as loyal as one may think, everyone’s potential can be unexpected and hazardous. The situation gets even more out of control as Cassius decided to deceive Caesar, only then to hurt him in the end. Cassius appears to be a threat, although his leadership skills are highly useful, but for the opposing side against Caesar. To begin with, Cassius has the ability to conceive the others point of view by the use of persuasion, and also to turn people’s opinion†¦show more content†¦In regards to indefinite features amongst himself he is uncertain, relies on others, and lacks skills regarding to being helpful. Deterring even the most confident people Cassius still manages to satisfy himself with the action of his own. He uses fallacies in Act IV by acting so stunned by the effectiveness when Antony is said to be a soldier. Such as â€Å"I an itching palm? You know that you are Brutus that speaks this, or, by the gods, this speech were else your last!† (IV, iii, 12-14). Cassius speaks as he is assured, regardless of what was to happen. Whereas a position with negative traits are exposed quite frankly â€Å"If he improve them may well stretch so far†¦ Let Antony and Caesar fall together† (II, i, 155-161). Although he is very precautious, he falls back on whatever happens next instead of thinking it out. In an area of weakness, Cassius lacks dominance over the others. He’s constantly switching between sides of praising Caesar and devoting his argument against him as well. In terms of today Cassius is fake, based on results and actions taken place by he himself. He speaks without notice of what he is saying, or even think about the possi ble consequences that are to come. An example of how situations could have possibly worked out with chiasmus â€Å"You have to know how to accept rejection and reject acceptance.†Show MoreRelatedJulius Caesar Character Analysis Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pages The author of Julius Caesar is William Shakespeare, an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. He was born on July 13 in 1564 and died in 1616. It was written to be a tragedy and was one of the seventh plays written off true events that happened in Roman time. Also includes Coriolanus, Antony, and Cleopatra. Drama of the play focuses on Brutus’ struggle between the conflicting demands of honor, patriotism, and friendship. Opens with â€Å"twoRead MoreThe Role of Persuasion in Julius Caesar Essay examples1066 Words   |  5 PagesJulius Caesar Topic: Write an expository essay on the role of persuasion in the play. Julius Caesar is a tragic drama written by William Shakespeare in 1599. This tragedy takes place in ancient Rome around 44 B.C when Rome was a great empire. Julius Caesar was a very important figure at this time as he was a very successful general who helped spread the Roman Empire and after his defeat of his political rival Pompey, he took on the role of becoming a dictator of Rome. But many citizens â€Å"fearedRead MoreThe Story of Julius Caesar1213 Words   |  5 Pagesof the story of Julius Caesar, provides an interesting and helpful way of examining history in a dramatic context. The concept of violence is evident throughout the entire play. The interpretative quality of violence, and the relative effectiveness of its usage, provides a useful lens for understanding this work. For this essay, I intend to examine the three characters of Brutus, Cassius and Marc Anthony using this particular focus. I will demonstrate how each of these characters and their relationshipsRead More A Textual Analysis of the Opening Sequence of Gladiator Essays1112 Words   |  5 PagesA Textual Analysis of the Opening Sequence of Gladiator In this essay, I will explain the opening sequence of Gladiator in detail. I will describe the effects it has on the audience, and look at the way it makes them feel and the way in which events are portrayed. I will look at in depth: The themes and atmosphere, the camera techniques and how audience emotions are manipulated.Read MoreHow Caesar s Political Career1836 Words   |  8 Pagescoup. Julius Caesar, a nephew of Marius, descended from a noble family who were ardent supporters of the populares. Like Sulla, Caesar was greatly renowned as an exceptionally competent military commander, conquering Gaul. Remarkably, Caesar was also central to a series of civil wars between his former political allies, Crassus and Pompey, and claimed victory in this conflict just like Sulla – by defiantly marching an army on Rome and establishing himself as dictator. While Sulla and Caesar wereRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Aeneid1846 Words   |  8 PagesCritical Analysis of Virgils Aeneid In The Aeneid, Virgil uses many prophecies. They begin in the first few lines and last throughout the poem. Many are directed toward Aeneas, but some are to his relatives and friends. The prophecies shown allow the reader to better understand the situation and also provide insight about Rome. Prophecies are an important key to The Aeneid. Prophecies are very important to Virgil’s The Aeneid. Early on, Virgil does not hide what will happen, but instead, he allowsRead MoreHow To Write Literary Analysis4174 Words   |  17 PagesHow To Write Literary Analysis The Literary Essay: A Step-by-Step Guide When you read for pleasure, your only goal is enjoyment. You might find yourself reading to get caught up in an exciting story, to learn about an interesting time or place, or just to pass time. Maybe you’re looking for inspiration, guidance, or a reflection of your own life. There are as many different, valid ways of reading a book as there are books in the world. When you read a work of literature in an English classRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesmain characters. A form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy. Thus an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning 4. allusion- A reference in one literary work to a character or themeRead More Locating Macbeth at the Thresholds of Time, Space and Spiritualism 2629 Words   |  11 Pages[It is] a realm, no doubt, where what is in question is the limits rather than the identity of a culture. (Foucault xi) By describing madness in this way, he demonstrates his understanding of madness as a cultural phenomenon, defined not by the analysis of a subject’s symptoms, but rather the shared assumption that a subject is not ‘right’, does not conform to the prevailing ideological norm. Written in the late twentieth century, his work is a treatise about the wider cultural effects producedRead More My Friend Hamilton -Who I shot Essay6642 Words   |  27 Pagestheorists during the past hundred years or so.†2 This idea of highlighting and differentiating between â€Å"contextual† and â€Å"psycho-historical† studies provides this discussion with a centrality that will allow a further understanding the forthcoming analysis. J. Lee and Conalee Levine-Schneidman argued â€Å"it was not Burr who was the instrument, but rather Hamilton himself—or rather Hamilton’s distorted perception of Burr as his evil self† that promulgated the duel.3 This article entitled â€Å"Suicide

Titanic Essay example - 1744 Words

One of the greatest news headlines of all times was actually never supposed to happen. The shocking news of the sunken ocean liner the Titanic shocked millions. The sinking itself probably wouldn’t have even mattered except that the builders themselves said that the ship simply could not sink. The news not only hit the United States, but countries everywhere were saddened to hear the news of â€Å"The Unsinkable† and its grave end. In 1907 a man named J. Bruce Ismay, who was the manager of White Star Lines went to a dinner party at the mansion of the wealthy William James Pierre. Pierre was a chairman to one of the largest shipbuilding companies in Belfast, Harland and Wolff. At dinner the two discussed luxury ships like the Lusitania and the†¦show more content†¦the lookouts of the Titanic, which was moving around 20  ½ knots, sight a gigantic iceberg straight in their course. The warning bell is immediately sounded. Quick after, Sixth Officer Moody relays the message to First Officer Murdoch who calls the engine room and tells the engineers to turn off the engines and turn the ship hard. Thirty-seven seconds of heart stopping time later, the iceberg strikes the ship on the starboard bow side. The impact is not noticed by most of the passengers. After some time it is reported to the Capitan that the ship is taking on water rapidly, flooding the holds and boiler rooms. Thomas Andrews, Capitan Smithâ €™s assistant, calculates how much longer the ship can stay afloat and the estimation was two and a half hours only. The ship sends out distress signals, and many ships hear and prepare to assist the Titanic. At 12:20 A.M. orders are given to have women and children start to board lifeboats. Most lifeboats only left holding only a fraction of what they were capable of. The last words heard by neighboring ships by the Titanic were heard at 1:45 A.M. Still holding over one thousand five hundred people, the ships head sinks under water. All of the lights on the Titanic go out, and a huge roar is heard as all of the objects not bolted to the floor fly towards the submerged bow. At that point the ship breaks in two, and approximately two minutes later, the remaining stern settles again, fills with water and slowly sinks into the ocean.Show MoreRelatedTitanic : The Titanic Of Titanic1650 Words   |  7 Pages The Titanic: Dreams That Led to Disaster â€Å"The Titanic was the dream ship that no one ever thought could be destroyed.† The sinking of it was a horrible tragedy. The loss of lives was due to the design, the materials, and that the crew didn’t have updated technology. Maybe if they had more tools or less people, the Titanic wouldn’t have sunk (â€Å"Titanic: Flaws†). Is it true that the Titanic sunk because of an iceberg? History of the Titanic The Titanic was inspired by White Star’s competitor CunardRead MoreThe Titanic : A Titanic1384 Words   |  6 PagesR.M.S Titanic â€Å"Not even God himself could sink this ship,† an employee of the White Star Line carelessly stated at the launch of the Titanic on May 31, 1911. (Exhibit: Titanic) In April of 1912, the Titanic set sail from Southampton, England, to New York City in what is one of history’s deadliest disasters at sea. Unfortunately, the Titanic, on its maiden and final voyage, never reached its destination. Built by Harland and Wolf to be â€Å"unsinkable†, the Titanic was 883 feet long, 92 feet wide,Read MoreThe Titanic Of A Titanic1219 Words   |  5 Pages The Titanic crashed at 2:20 a.m. on April 15, 1912, the British ocean liner sinks into the North Atlantic Ocean. The massive ship, which carried 2,200 passengers and crew, had struck an iceberg two and half hours before sinking. The beginning which is the construction of the Titanic took 3 years with the help anywhere from three thousand to fifteen thousand men. The RMS Titanic took sail April 11, 1912 from Southampton, England in the hopes of New York City. The Titanic s passengers were dividedRead MoreTitanic Evaluation786 Words   |  4 Pagesthinking about watching the film Titanic, but are worried it is just a boring reenactment of the sinking of the Titanic? Let me put your worries to rest by telling you this movie is an invigorating, heart wrenching, and thrilling film that will surely go down in history as a classic. If you find romance to be revolting this is certainly not the film for you. Each moment the main characters spend together is filled with passion, and the exc itement of finding new love. Titanic has all the redeeming qualitiesRead MoreThe Titanic : The Tuking Of The Titanic1236 Words   |  5 PagesThe sinking of the Titanic is one most well-known shipwreck in modern day history and its still being written and told about even a century later. The causation of the sinking has been debated heavily since the crash in 1912 and many so-called experts of the titanic disagree with another on this issue. There has been new development when the ship was discovered in 1985 and examined by experts. Leading people that the sinking was caused by three major turning points. The first being the failuresRead MoreMovie Analysis : Titanic Movie Titanic 1455 Words   |  6 Pagesof the most paramount things in life. This is one of the main themes, along with that of arrogance, in the Oscar nominated movie â€Å"Titanic†, a love story about a young man and woman. Their love is shown throughout the depths of this movie through dialogue, camera ang les, by the use of music, and how you can distinguish the character development in Rose. To begin, â€Å"Titanic† is a movie about the emerging yet proscribed love of young Rose DeWitt Bukater, played by Kate Winslet, who is of the upper classRead MoreTitanic Film Analysis1254 Words   |  6 PagesThe Titanic: It Won’t Wreck Your Expectations Jaina Bahirwani A couple meets on a ship and wants to fly off around the world together, only to discover they will have to survive a shipwreck first. We’ve all heard about it. And we love it. The Titanic is a lengthy movie, but James Cameron’s exceptional adaptation of the event makes it worth your while. Although this might not be Mr. Cameron’s usual film style, the fact that he is one of the most versatile and skillful directors of our time becameRead MoreTitanic Essay2029 Words   |  9 PagesTitanic Essay Many people across the world watch films. It is so popular because it puts a story on the screen and into life so that people can see it. People watch films for the entertainment value, or are simply too lazy to read and enjoy the magic of a book. The advantages of watching a film at the cinema rather than on video is the bigger screen, and the surround sound, also the atmosphere. This all adds up and creates a bigger impact than a video. PeopleRead MoreTitanic Film Analysis704 Words   |  3 Pageshours of April 15th 1912, the luxury steamship R.M.S Titanic sank during its maiden voyage in the North Atlantic after sideswiping an iceberg. Of the 2,240 passengers on board, more than 1,500 lost their lives in one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history. Since its doomed maiden voyage, Titanic has remained a fixture of public consciousness and popular culture. The most famous example of this is James Cameron’s 1997 film Titanic. This film centres on the fictional love story of charactersRead MoreTitanicï ¼Ë†Movie Reviewï ¼â€°1643 Words   |  7 PagesTitanic I went into Titanic with trepidation: it is being hailed as one of the best love stories depicted on film. Cynical as I am, I dont think much of movies with a romantic theme to them. However, I was curious to see the spectacle that director James Cameron had created. Fortunately for me, Titanic is not only great in terms of action, effects, and visuals, but also provides excellent commentary on the issue of the class struggle. Jack Dawson (Leonardo Di Caprio) is a young boy who wins passage

Harrison Bergeron Essay Example For Students

Harrison Bergeron Essay In Harrison Bergeron Essay Kurt Vonnegut depicts a society in which everyone is mentally, physically, and socially equal. Throughout the history of our country, Americans have sought racial, gender, and socio-economic equality. On paper such a society seems ideal. Through the story one might infer that Vonnegut views the concept of total equality as ludicrous. Equality can be interpreted many ways. One point of view is the American belief that everybody should be treated equally and another view is the one represented in the story that everybody is equal. I completely agree with Mr. Vonneguts view of the perfect society as being absurd. Having everybody equal looks fantastic in planning but it would never work out that way. If the government was allowed to impose handicaps on the naturally gifted, how could civilization ever make advancements? The great thinkers would not be able to envision new ideas because of the mental handicap radios they had to wear in their ears. Technology would come to a stand still with the gifted not being able to finish a complete thought because of the sharp sounds produced by the mental handicaps. The first apparent difference between the movie and the short story is that the short story takes place in 2081. In the story the government regulates everything, not just intelligence, but strength and beauty as well, and handicap people appropriately. The strong are forced to wear bags filled with lead balls; beautiful people are forced to wear masks so others would not feel unequal to them in looks. The overly intelligent are forced to wear radio transmitters in their ears, that are tuned to a government station that constantly bombards them with horrible sounds to scramble their thoughts. In the movie, the year is 2053 and everyone is forced to wear mind-altering headbands that rest on their temples. These headbands electronically modify intelligence, effectively decreasing everyones IQ to the desired average point. Unlike the story, in the movie, no one wears masks to conceal their looks and some are better looking than other making them unequal in appearance to everyone else. Also the only weight bags that are worn, is by one dancer on the television that wore a small ankle weight with no resemblance to the enormous weight bags that are described in the story. Another difference is that in the story Harrison Bergeron had the apparent status of a god among these average people. He was fourteen years old, seven feet tall, athletic, good looking, and a genius. In the movie, Harrison bares absolutely no resemblance to the one described in the story. He is portrayed as short and stalky, not very handsome. He looks closer to twenty-four than he does to fourteen, and although he seems bright, he is far from being a genius. Finally, in the story, the Handicapper General has more of a police status in this futuristic country, the head Handicapper General is a woman, by the name of Diana Moon Glampers. With her swift decisions and severe actions shows resemblance to that of a dictator. She does not have to wear any handicaps of any kind, but is responsible for the regulating all the handicaps. In the movie, the handicappers generals are far from being portrayed as a police authority. They are a secret organization of highly intelligent individuals, that are hand picked from the general population, that are in charge of running the country and coming up with better ways to make everyone equal. The leader of this secret organization is a man by the name of John Claxton. He plays the role of a godlike advisor, leading the organization behind the scenes. He advises and monitors society, the president, and all forms of media accessible to the public, determining what people can hear, say, watch, and do. There is also a bit of irony prevalent in the movie as well as in the short story. In the movie, Harrison is mocked and branded as an outcast for his intelligence, yet he is secretly being monitored by the secret Administers organization. It is also ironic that there is a necessity for highly intelligent persons in such a perfectly equal society. Advertising Education or Condemnation Essay In this society the public only can see what the have been allowed to see, by this secret, non-equal, organization in this so-called equal country. The .

Aldous Huxley’s “Brave New World” A Satiric Vision of a Utopia Essay Sample free essay sample

Interrupting Dawn is the 4th and concluding novel in the The Twilight Saga by American writer Stephenie Meyer. Divided into three parts. the first and 3rd subdivisions are written from Bella Swan’s position and the 2nd is written from the position of Jacob Black. The fresh straight follows the events of the old novel. Eclipse. as Bella and Edward Cullen acquire married. go forthing behind a brokenhearted Jacob. When Bella faces an unexpected state of affairs. she does what it takes to undergo the ultimate transmutation and fight the concluding conflict to salvage her love. Meyer finished an lineation of the book in 2003. but developed and changed it as she wrote New Moon and Eclipse. though the chief and most important plot lines remained unchanged. Little. Brown and Company took certain steps to forestall the book’s contents from leaking. such as shutting forums and message boards on several fansites and supplying a particular e-mail reference for fans to direct in links to leaks and spoilers online. We will write a custom essay sample on Aldous Huxley’s â€Å"Brave New World†: A Satiric Vision of a Utopia Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Interrupting Dawn was released on August 2. 2008 at midnight release parties in over 4. 000 bookshops throughout the US. [ 1 ] From its initial print tally of 3. 7 million transcripts. over 1. 3 million were sold in the US and 20. 000 in the UK in the first 24 hours of the book’s release. puting a record in first-day gross revenues public presentation for the Hachette Book Group USA. [ 2 ] The book was extremely successful. merchandising over 6 million transcripts in 2008. and was the 3rd best-selling novel of 2008 behind Twilight and New Moon. Interrupting Dawn received assorted reappraisals from critics and is the most controversial book in the series. as it explored more mature subjects and constructs. However. the novel was awarded the British Book Award for â€Å"Children’s Book of the Year† . It was translated in 38 linguistic communications with rights sold to over 50 states. The book has been adapted into a bipartite film. with the first portion released on November 18. 2011 and the 2nd portion released on November 16. 2012. Plot sum-up Interrupting Dawn is divided into three separate parts. The first portion inside informations Bella’s matrimony and honeymoon with Edward. which they spend on a private island owned by Carlisle who bought it for Esme. called Isle Esme. off the seashore of Brazil. Two hebdomads into their honeymoon. Bella realizes that she is pregnant with a half-vampire. half-human kid and that her status is come oning at an unnaturally accelerated rate. After reaching Carlisle. who confirms her gestation. she and Edward instantly return place to Forks. Washington. The foetus continues to develop with unnatural celerity. and Edward. concerned for Bella’s life and convinced that the foetus is traveling to kill her. urges her to abort the gestation. However. Bella feels a connexion with her unborn babe and garbages. The novel’s 2nd portion is written from the position of shape-shifter Jacob Black. and lasts throughout Bella’s gestation and childbearing. Jacob’s Quileute wolf battalion. non cognizing what danger the unborn kid may present. program to destruct it and kill Bella. Jacob vehemently protests this determination and leaves. organizing his ain battalion with Seth and Leah Clearwater. The foetus in Bella’s organic structure grows fleetly and Bella shortly gives birth. The babe breaks many of her castanetss. including her spinal column. and she loses monolithic sums of blood. In order to salvage her life. Edward changes her into a lamia by shooting his venom into her bosom. Jacob. believing that Bella is dead. and faulting Bella’s girl Renesmee as the cause. attempts to kill Renesmee. Alternatively. he â€Å"imprints†Ã¢â‚¬â€an nonvoluntary response in which a shape-shifter finds his psyche mate—on her. The 3rd subdivision displacements back to Bella’s position. depicting Bella’s painful transmutation and happening herself changed into a lamia and basking her new life and abilities. However. the lamia Irina misidentifies Renesmee as an â€Å"immortal child† . a kid who has been turnedinto a lamia. Because â€Å"immortal children† are unmanageable. making them has been outlawed by the Volturi. After Irina presents her allegation to the Volturi. they plan to destruct Renesmee and the Cullens. In an effort to last. the Cullens gather other lamia kins from around the universe to stand as informants and turn out to the Volturi that Renesmee is non an immortal kid. Upon facing the collected Cullen Alliess and informants. the Volturi discover that they have been misinformed and instantly execute Irina for her error. However. they remain open on whether Renesmee should be viewed as a menace to vampires’ secret being. At that clip. Alice and Jasper. who had left prior to the confrontation. return with a Mapuche called Nahuel. a 150-year-old vampire-human hybrid like Renesmee. Nahuel demonstrates that the hybrids pose no menace. and the Volturi leave. Edward. Bella. and Renesmee return to their place in peace. Background DevelopmentOriginally. Meyer wrote a book titled Forever Dawn. which was a direct subsequence to Twilight. [ 3 ] While the basic plot line remained the same. Forever Dawn was narrated wholly from Bella’s point of position. the wolfmans and Jacob were â€Å"only sketchily developed† . Victoria and Laurent were both alive. and there was an epilogue. [ 4 ] Meyer went on to state that she â€Å"may post some supernumeraries someday if I of all time have clip to travel back through the Forever Dawn manuscript—it’s merely every bit long as Breaking Dawn. † The portion that took Meyer the longest clip to compose of Breaking Dawn was the half-chapter depicting the 3 months after Bella’s transmutation into a lamia because â€Å"the sum of clip per word put into that subdivision was likely 10 times what it was in any other portion of the book† and Meyer liked to compose minute by minute. but didn’t think it would be exciting. [ 5 ] Meyer decided to include the gestation in her narrative while she was researching lamias. early in 2003. and came across the fable of the incubus. a devil who could beget kids. [ 4 ] Bella’s insisting to non allow her child dice was inspired by Meyer’s reaction when asked if she would allow one of her kids die so she could populate. which was to present the kid no affair what the effects were. [ 6 ] Meyer said in an interview with Shannon Hale. published in The Twilight Saga: The Official Illustrated Guide. that the birth scene published is a small less grotesque than the one she wrote before redacting due to her editor. agent and publisher’s petitions to â€Å"tone down the force a little† . She stated that Bella’s gestation and childbearing. for her. were â€Å"a manner to sort of explore that construct of what childbearing used to be† in the yesteryear and acknowledged that they were â€Å"taking Bella in a new way that wasn’t [ as ] relatable for a batch of people. † [ 7 ] Refering the topic of the relatability of Bella. Meyer admitted that she lost some of her relatability to the character when she became a lamia and said. â€Å"every point up until that point in the narrative [ the transmutation ] I would state I could step into this narrative right here and I could make everything she could make which made it truly fun. † [ 8 ] Meyer wanted to see Bella’s vampiric experiences and â€Å"enjoyed really much† composing about them and wanted to stop the book from her position. [ 6 ] but still thought it was â€Å"a small spot harder† as she couldn’t measure in into the narrative any longer. [ 8 ] In respect to Renesmee’s alone name. Meyer wrote that she â€Å"couldn’t name her Jennifer or Ashley. What do you call the most alone babe in the universe? I looked through a batch of babe name websites. Finally I realized that there was no human name that was traveling to work for me. so I surrendered to necessity and made up my ain. † [ 4 ] Meyer provinces in respect to stoping the series: The Twilight Saga is truly Bella’s narrative. and this was the natural topographic point for her narrative to weave up. She overcame the major obstructions in her way and fought her manner to the topographic point she wanted to be. I suppose I could seek to protract her narrative unnaturally. but it wouldn’t be interesting adequate to maintain me composing. Narratives need struggle. and the struggles that are Bella-centric are resolved. [ 4 ] Influences The plays The Merchant of Venice and A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare both influenced Breaking Dawn. [ 9 ] Meyer decided that Alice would compose her direction to Bella on a page from The Merchant of Venice to give a hint that the concluding confrontation at the terminal of the book would be a mental one—not a physical battle—like the one at the terminal of the drama. It besides hints that the novel would hold a happy stoping for the twosomes. as in The Merchant of Venice. Originally it was the fresh Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte that Alice tore a page from. but Jane Eyre had nil to make with the narrative. so Meyer changed it. [ 10 ] The thought of forming. which existed in Forever Dawn. was inspired by A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Meyer described it as â€Å"the thaumaturgy of puting things right—which doesn’t go on in the existent universe. which is perfectly fantasy† . and decided to present it earlier–in Eclipse–so she wouldn’t have to explicate it subsequently. [ 11 ] Cover artMeyer described the screen as â€Å"extremely meaningful† and said that she was â€Å"really happy with how it turned out† . [ 12 ] The screen is a metaphor for Bella’s patterned advance throughout the full series ; she began as the physically weakest participant on the board. the pawn. but at the terminal she becomes the strongest. the queen. [ 4 ] The chess board besides hints at the decision of the novel â€Å"where the conflict with the Volturi is one of marbless and scheme. non physical force. † [ 13 ] TitleThe rubric. Breaking Dawn. is a mention to the beginning of Bella’s life as a newborn lamia. [ 4 ] Originally. Meyer wanted to title the book Forever Dawn. but she thought the name was really â€Å"cheesy† . Desiring to add a â€Å"sense of disaster† to the rubric to fit the novel’s temper. she called it Breaking Dawn. Another ground for giving the book this peculiar rubric is that it matches the book’s secret plan. which centers around â€Å"a new waking up and a new twenty-four hours and there’s besides a batch of jobs built-in in it† . [ 12 ] Release SellingEntertainment Weekly magazine released an extract of Breaking Dawn on May 30. 2008. [ 14 ] Stephenie Meyer besides revealed a ‘Quote of the Day’ from Breaking Dawn for approximately three hebdomads prior to its August 2. 2008 release. The first quotation mark was released on Stephenie’s web site on July 12. 2008. [ 15 ] The first chapter of Breaking Dawn. â€Å"Engaged† . was released in the particular edition of Eclipse. [ 16 ] Breaking Dawn was officially released on August 2. 2008 through midnight release parties in over 4. 000 bookshops. [ 1 ] most of which involved costume and trifle competitions. trades. and face picture. [ 17 ] Godiva besides made a Twilight-themed cocoa saloon. which was released in Barnes A ; Baronial book shops at the release parties. [ 18 ] A four-city Breaking Dawn Concert Series. having Stephenie Meyer and Blue October’s Justin Furstenfeld. coincided with the novel’s release. The concert series sold out three of its four locations on the twenty-four hours that tickets went on sale. [ 19 ] selling out in under an hr in one metropolis. [ 20 ] PublicationPrior to the novel’s release. the first three Twilight books had already sold 8. 5 million transcripts throughout the US [ 2 ] and over 2 million transcripts in the UK. [ 21 ] Breaking Dawn was one of the most awaited books of 2008 with The Guardian noting. â€Å"Teenagers across the universe are uneasily expecting the following episode of writer Stephenie Meyer’s vampiric series of novels. † [ 1 ] To run into the high demand. Small. Brown Books added a printing of 500. 000 extra transcripts merely prior to publication of the rubric. conveying initial print tally to 3. 7 million. [ 2 ] The book sold 1. 3 million transcripts in the US [ 2 ] and 20. 000 transcripts in the UK in its first 24 hours of release. [ 22 ] every bit good as 100. 000 transcripts in Canada during its first weekend. [ 23 ] Breaking Dawn debuted at # 1 on USA Today’s top 150 best Sellerss list and has gone on to pass over 58 hebdomads on the list. [ 24 ] It was besides the biggest-selling children’s book of 2008 with over 6 million transcripts sold. [ 25 ] A particular edition of Breaking Dawn was released on August 4. 2009. incorporating a DVD of the Breaking Dawn Concert Series and an interview with Meyer. [ 26 ] Reception Reception of Breaking Dawn was Mixed. Lev Grossman wrote. â€Å"First. since there’s a batch of one-star reappraisals up on Amazon. allow me state up forepart: I loved Breaking Dawn. † [ 27 ] Cara von Wrangel Kinsey ofSchool Library Journal responded with a positive reappraisal. depicting the book as â€Å"captivating† and observing. â€Å"While this novel is darker and more mature than the earlier rubrics. Meyer’s turns and bends are non out of character. † [ 28 ] The Charlotte Observer agreed and called the book â€Å"pretty darned good† . but criticized the book’s length stating. â€Å"I wish [ Stephenie Meyer ] hadn’t felt compelled to pack so much into one volume. It should hold been two books. † [ 29 ] Mary Harris Russell of the Chicago Tribune besides responded with a positive reappraisal and hailed the book as a â€Å"fun read† . observing that Stephenie Meyer â€Å"continues to bring forth witty composing about households. adolescents and popular culture† . [ 30 ] while Time called the book â€Å"a natural state but fulfilling finish to the lay of Bella and Edward† and gave it a evaluation of A- . [ 31 ] An article in The Daily News Tribune said of Breaking Dawn. â€Å"Some of the duologue is a spot artificial. †¦ but. if you stay near to Meyer’s rich and colossal narration. you excessively might fall in love with its suspense and traveling sensitivity† . [ 32 ] Publishers Weekly stated that the chief job with Breaking Dawn was that. â€Å"Essentially. everyone gets everything they want. even if their desires necessitate an about turn in word picture or the mussy debut of some back narrative. Cipher has to abdicate anything or endure more than temporarily—in other words. magnificence is out. † [ 33 ] In an article by The Associated Press. journalist Sara Rose wrote on NewsOK. com that fans of the series would love â€Å"engaging characters. great wit. a distracting compulsion with beauty. focal point on the minutiae of emotions† ; nevertheless â€Å"casual readers may be disappointed with a batch of build-up and small action. † [ 34 ] The Independent called the book. â€Å"shockingly. tackily. sick-makingly sexist† and said that â€Å"Bella Swan lives to function work forces and suffer. † [ 35 ] Entertainment Weekly graded Breaking Dawn with a D. knocking the birth scene and Bella’s â€Å"unw avering passion for Edward† and holding no other ends. [ 36 ] The Washington Post besides responded with a negative reappraisal. doing remarks such as. â€Å"Meyer has put a interest through the bosom of her ain darling creative activity. † and â€Å"Breaking Dawn has a childbearing sequence that may advance womb-to-tomb abstention in sensitive types. † [ 37 ] In an interview with Entertainment Weekly. Meyer responded to the negative response of many fans to the book and called it the â€Å"Rob Effect† ; she said that the fans need clip to accept the stoping ofBreaking Dawn. merely as they needed clip to accept Robert Pattinson playing the function of Edward in the Twilight film. [ 38 ] Awards and awardsInterrupting Dawn was the receiver of a British Book Award for â€Å"Children’s Book of the Year† . [ 39 ] In the 2009 â€Å"Children’s Choice Book Awards† . the novel was chosen as â€Å"Teen Choice Book of the Year† and Meyer won the â€Å"Author of the Year† award. [ 40 ] Film version Chief article: The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 Chief article: The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 Summit Entertainment announced in November 2008 that they had obtained the rights to the 4th book in Stephenie Meyer’s series. Breaking Dawn. [ 41 ] The studio greenlit an version of The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn in April. 2010. The movie is to be split into two parts. the first of which was released on November 18. 2011. [ 42 ] On Friday. August 6. 2010. Summit Entertainment announced that the 2nd portion of the film will so be stagily released on November 16. 2012. [ 43 ] Bill Condon will direct both parts ; Stephenie Meyer will co-produce the movie along with Karen Rosenfelt and Wyck Godfrey. [ 44 ] In July. 2010. Acme announced that the film will be shot in Vancouver. Canada. and Baton Rouge. Louisiana. Actress Maggie Grace has signed on to play the portion of Irina in the film. and Mackenzie Foy has signed on to play Renesmee. Edward and Bella’s half-vampire. half-human kid. [ 45 ]

Community Essay Topics - What Do You Choose?

Community Essay Topics - What Do You Choose?If you are a high school student trying to decide what to write in your school project, you should consider taking the time to choose a topic for your essay that is meaningful to you. You do not have to worry about what you should say or what format you should use because there are many community essay topics to choose from and a number of ways to approach your essay.One of the best community essay topics that I recommend is the question, 'What if?' The idea is that you will work with a problem or situation that you find particularly relevant to your particular field of study.You may want to research the particular subject you are studying before you choose the topic. If your research is limited to the famous writer C.S. Lewis, for example, you may want to choose something interesting about the life of Lewis, perhaps what he did on his days off, what he had for breakfast, or what he used to eat for lunch.The problem that you should choose w ill likely be one that people of the same age and class have faced in their own lives. Some of the most popular and memorable questions are the ones that address events that happened in high school or college, and are often the problems that students themselves find the most interesting.One of the best things about community essay topics is that they require only one or two pages to outline. As a result, you can usually write a good, solid, detailed essay in just a few days, instead of weeks or months if you choose a topic like a movie or music.Another reason you may want to choose a community essay topic is that you can bring to the table a special or traditional interest or talent that is unique to you. You may have an interest in the history of architecture, for example, but you may be interested in learning about one of the world's most popular television shows. Thistype of customized writing will allow you to make the most of the topics that you choose.You will also have the op portunity to hone your writing skills by writing your topic from a specific angle, focusing on one aspect of the issue at hand. You can choose to address it from a large perspective, or you can focus on a small detail.The idea is that you can do some digging to find the perfect topic for your assignment. The results will show up in your class papers and essays, whether you are a high school student or a college student. That is why I think that choosing a community essay topic that is meaningful to you will benefit you greatly in terms of your overall understanding of the subject matter and how you will create a satisfying document.

Bias and Decision Making free essay sample

Both of these reflected the same numerical statement, however, decision maker may response differently with same problem. Why does this happen? Because of bias. Bias is a subjective ideas or thought. Sometimes it is injustice to receivers who got the outcome from the decision makers. There is a kind of division got from the internet: class, racism, culture, media,gender,linguistic, politice,religion,statistical number(sourced from http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Bias Aug, 9 2008), which is based on external environment around. Under circumstance, decision maker is easy be influenced by those. Here are focused on another kind of division. The division in the textbook organised by 10 biases as follow: overconfidence bias, immediate gratification bias, selective perception bias, confirmation bias, framing bias, availability bias, representation bias, randomness bias, self-serving bias, hindsight bias,(sourced from Robbins, Bergman, Stagg Coulter, 2006, p224). These biases are divided by personal situational condition. When decision makers thought they get more and hold unrealistically positive view of themselves and performance in unfamiliar areas, which present the overconfidence bias, decision makers who wants get quick pay without further thinking and plan is easy to suffer immediate gratification bias, selective erception bias generally is a negative bias which dealing with personal sorrow biases perception, confirmation bias is always worry about this and that with contradicts past judgements, framing bias is the different attitude when decision maker selecting on how a problem is presented, availability bias is tend to meet the events that similar in the most recent and vivid in the memory, decision makers assess the likelihood of an event based on how closely it resembles other events or sets of events, that is representation bias, randomness bias is when decision maker try to create meaning out of random events, self-serving bias is decision maker who likely to award the success prior to other while blaming failure to others, hindsight bias is the tendency for decision makers falsely to believe that they would have accurately predicted the outcome of an event once that outcome is actually known, As follow, it shows a case how bias appears in the real life. We will write a custom essay sample on Bias and Decision Making or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page   newly hired engineer for a computer firm in the Silicon Valley metropolitan area has 5 years’ experience and excellent all-around qualifications, when asked to estimate the starting salary for this employee, a chemist who had very little knowledge about the profession or industry guessed an annual salary of $16,000. What is your estimate? Indeed, such engineer with 5 years’ experience and qualifications is not excessive to get a starting payment of $50,000.

Example Admission Essay Ethical Dilmma You Have Faced

Example Admission Essay Ethical Dilmma You Have Faced Free Online Research Papers Example Admission Essay Ethical Dilmma You Have Faced Evaluate a significant experience, achievement, risk you have taken, or ethical dilemma you have faced and its impact on you. â€Å"No,† my father said. â€Å"I wont give you money so that you can donate it to this organization of yours.† To my disbelief, I came to the realization that the two children the school was helping to support through World Vision would not receive anything from me this year. With those words, my grandiose schemes of creating a world without poverty seemed to come to an end, and I realized for the first time that when idealism meets reality, reality hardly ever backs away. I was 14 back then, and as hopeless an idealist as any fourteen year old adolescent can be. Reading the works of Marx and Engels and various other visionaries, I was immersed in the world of utopian societies, where there is no distinction between rich and poor and where everyone would live in harmony with each other. At school, my friends knew me as the staunch socialist, vaunting the merits of a world without poverty to any fellow student caring to listen. When the school announced that it would be supporting two poor children from Africa in cooperation with World Vision, it was the perfect opportunity for me to express my dedication to the socialist cause. The thought that I will not be able to donate anything shattered my self-protective bubble. How will I explain to my friends that I, who have been talking so vehemently about eradicating poverty, will not donate any money to help poor children in Africa? This event made me realize that between saying something and actually doing it, there is a huge difference. Since then, I have participated in many community services and worked to help people who are far closer to me. Instead of donating my parents money, I resorted to my own skills in order to help the less fortunate. For example, every Sunday the Taoist Tai-Chi Society that I am member of prepares food for the poor people of Montreal, and I have been very active in this endeavor, cleaning and cutting vegetables after finishing my practices. I have also helped my community in various ways such as cleaning the streets of Montreals crowded Chinatown and organizing various fund-raising events with my fellow students for the World Vision program in our school. Finally, I will be going to Nicaragua on December 29th for a month in order to undertake what I consider the crowning achievement of my efforts to help people around the world: build a pre-school for the village of Niquinohomo. I have finally found a way to bring idealism and reality together. Research Papers on Example Admission Essay "Ethical Dilmma You Have Faced"Moral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesStandardized TestingTrailblazing by Eric AndersonPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andTwilight of the UAW19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

The Increasingly Changing Immigration Policies Research Paper

The Increasingly Changing Immigration Policies - Research Paper Example The ‘Geneva Convention’ provided refuge to millions of Refugees in the post world war period until the Cold War of the 1980s and it set the basis of immigration policies and laws in most of the countries. But in the post-Cold War period till today it has been faced with a number of issues and as a result of a number of member states especially the European countries have begun straying away from the basic policy, in order to block the huge flow of migrants every year due to the insufficiencies of the convention. It is an undeniable fact that the ‘Geneva Convention’ was the foundation of the Refugee protection regime and was the one truly universal instrument that gave basic principles on which the international protection of Refugees was built. But the essence of disapproval of the 1951 UN Refugee Convention is that it is archaic. The treaty was formulated in and for a specific era. While Western countries' refuge structures might have managed well enough un til the end of the Cold War, they were not intended to counter the current mass refugee outflows and migratory activities. The United Kingdom had a long custom of migration. Due to its ownership of a large number of colonies all over the world, the UK has been the centre for asylum seeker, working immigrants and refugees. Despite the huge influx of refugees in the UK even in the post-cold war period, the policy system was rather reactive in nature and a decentralized approach was maintained to the refugee issue until 1993. Politicization of the migration policies in most of the European countries since 1970s was rather less intensified in the UK’s case.

The Realities of Acid Rain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Realities of Acid Rain - Research Paper Example The more acidic the compound the more likely that deposits will result in damage to property and conditions dangerous for organic life forms. Natural rainfall has a pH of 7, but the further pH levels drop below that number the more potentially harmful it will be for the environment (Eubanks, p.240). The pH level present is directly associated with the presence of sulfate oxides (SOx), nitrate oxides (NOx), and the manner in which they dictate the release of hydrogen ions. Though neither oxide type contains hydrogen, they can act as an acid anhydride, wherein an acid is generated by chemical reaction subsequent to dissolution in water. The measure of the difference between the cumulative increases these oxides create in hydrogen ion concentration and hydroxide ionic content determines the pH level and thus the degree of acidity (Casiday & Frey, n.p.). Incidents of acid rain have been proven to have a direct relationship with the burning of fossil fuels, more specifically the burning o f coal as an energy source. A complicated substance, coal can have a dynamic configuration of elements and is largely used as fuel for the production of electricity in power plants. It is signified by an approximate chemical value of C135H96O9NS, though the actual concentration of each element varies according to the organic content present during the formation process (Eubanks, p.167). The variance in any given coal type determines the energy output of a coal type produced during combustion. While these attributes are affected by a myriad of conditions and components, there are certain characteristics which remain common to all coal types. For one thing, coal is a superior fuel type of wood due the incredibly high carbon concentration paired with low levels of oxygen and water. However, when used as fuel source, the rapid oxidation which occurs during combustion releases several pollutants into the atmosphere including nitrogen and sulfur oxides (Greenpeace.org, n.p.). The atmosphe re is composed of numerous compounds and elements in gaseous and particulate forms and when nitrogen and sulfur oxides are released as fossil fuel emissions they become integrated into the mixture and the natural processes and cycles therein. IN the water cycle water vapor present in the atmosphere interacts with other gases, particles, and form precipitations which is then deposited on the surface of the Earth and into the oceans. When excess sulfur oxides are introduced into the atmosphere, the sulfur oxides SO2 and SO3, which are measured in grams reacts with water vapor, measured in liters: SO2 + H2O ? H2SO3 SO3 + H2O ? H2SO4 This reaction ultimately results in the formation of sulfurous and sulfuric acids, respectively(Cassiday & Frey, n.p.). Nitrogen oxides require the presence of oxygen to create a chemical reaction as well as water vapor, the second most plentiful gaseous component of the atmosphere, the vapor and oxides having the same scale of measurement as during the pre vious formulas: 4 NO2 + 2 H2O + O2 ? 4 HNO3 This chemical reaction produces nitric acid. Though nitric, sulfurous, and sulfuric acids to do contain hydrogen, when introduced to water molecules (and oxygen as regards nitrogen oxides) they behave as acid anhydrates, stimulating the release of hydrogen and hydroxide ions which dictate the levels of acidity in any given liquid substance. Once these reactions have taken place, the new acidic compounds are distributed through acidic precipitation as rain, hail, or snow, and may also combine and be deposited on surfaces in particulate form. According to the level of acidity present in such deposits there is a decidedly negative effect on objects and organic life